조사회사 : MarketsandMarkets (마켓츠앤마켓츠) 출판년월 : 2023년12월
Immersion Cooling Fluids Market – Global Forecast To 2030
액침 냉각 유체 (Immersion Cooling Fluids) 시장 : 유형(광유, 프레온계 유체, 합성 유체), 최종 용도(변압기, 데이터 센터, EV 배터리, 태양광 발전), 기술(단상식 냉각, 2상식 냉각), 지역별 – 2030년까지 세계 예측
Immersion Cooling Fluids Market by Type (Mineral Oil, Fluorocarbon-based Fluids, Synthetic Fluids), End Use (Transformers, Data Centers, EV Batteries, Solar PV), Technology (Single-Phase Cooling, Two-Phase Cooling) & Region – Global Forecast to 2030
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Report Overview
The Immersion cooling fluids market is estimated to be USD 1.8 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 3.2 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 8.2% from 2023 to 2030. A primary driving factor for the growth of the immersion cooling fluids market is the increasing adoption of immersion cooling technology in various industries, particularly in data centers and high-performance computing (HPC) environments.
“By type, the synthetic fluids is estimated to be the fastest growing segment of the immersion cooling fluids market from 2023 to 2030.”
By type, synthetic fluids are estimated to be the largest segment in the immersion cooling fluids market in 2022. The environmental sustainability of synthetic fluids contributes to the market’s growth, aligning with the increasing focus on green technologies and corporate responsibility. Unlike some traditional cooling fluids, synthetic fluids are often engineered to be non-toxic, non-flammable, and environmentally friendly, minimizing the ecological impact. This aspect becomes increasingly important as businesses and data center operators seek solutions that are both technologically advanced and environmentally conscious.
“By end-use, the EV batteries is estimated to be the fastest growing segment of the immersion cooling fluids market from 2023 to 2030.”
By end-use, the EV batteries segment is to be the fastest growing segment of the immersion cooling fluids market. The growth of the electric vehicle (EV) batteries segment is influencing the immersion cooling fluids market, presenting new opportunities for the application of these specialized fluids. As the electric vehicle market expands globally, the demand for advanced thermal management solutions in EV batteries becomes increasingly critical. Immersion cooling fluids play a pivotal role in maintaining optimal operating temperatures within EV batteries, ensuring efficient performance and longevity.
“Asia Pacific immersion cooling fluids market is projected to witness the greatest during the forecast period.”
During the forecast period, Asia Pacific is projected to be the most significant market for immersion cooling fluids. The immersion cooling fluids market in the Asia-Pacific region is experiencing robust growth driven by the expansion of data center infrastructure, a focus on energy efficiency and sustainability, diverse climatic conditions, and the increasing adoption of advanced computing technologies. As APAC continues to be a hub for technological innovation, the immersion cooling fluids market is poised to play a crucial role in shaping the region’s data center and high-performance computing landscape.
Profile break-up of primary participants for the report:
• By Company Type: Tier 1 – 65%, Tier 2 – 20%, and Tier 3 – 15%
• By Designation: C-level – 25%, Director Level – 30%, and Others– 45%
• By Region: North America – 20%, Europe – 30%, Asia Pacific – 35%, South America – 9%, Middle East & Africa – 6%
The immersion cooling fluids market report is dominated by Nynas AB (Sweden), Ergon, Inc. (US), PetroChina Company Limited (China), APAR Industries (India), and Sinopec Lubricant Company (China), among others.
Research Coverage:
The report defines, segments, and projects the size of the immersion cooling fluids market based on type, technology, end use, and region. It strategically profiles the key players and comprehensively analyzes their market share and core competencies. It also tracks and analyzes competitive developments such as expansions, product launches, partnerships, collaborations, agreements, and joint ventures undertaken by them in the market.
The report also provides a comprehensive review of market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges in the immersion cooling fluids market. The report also covers qualitative aspects in addition to the quantitative aspects of these markets.
Reasons to Buy the Report:
The report is expected to help the market leaders/new entrants in the market by providing them with the closest approximations of revenue numbers of the immersion cooling fluids market and its segments. This report is also expected to help stakeholders obtain an improved understanding of the competitive landscape of the market, gain insights to improve the position of their businesses and make suitable go-to-market strategies. It also enables stakeholders to understand the pulse of the market and provide them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
• Analysis of key drivers (Increasing density of servers, Expansion of electric grid in Asia Pacific, Growing need for energy-efficient cooling solution, Demand for eco-friendly cooling solutions from data centers), restraints (Toxicity of fluorocarbon-based fluids, Environmental concern regarding use of mineral oil transformer), opportunities (Rising demand for biobased oils, Adoption of immersion cooling in EV batteries, Need for single-phase immersion cooling solutions for data center application), and challenges (Retrofitting of immersion cooling solutions in data centers, Fluctuation in crude oil prices) influencing the growth of the immersion cooling fluids market.
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the immersion cooling fluids market.
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets – the report analyses the immersion cooling fluids market across varied regions.
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the immersion cooling fluids market.
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading as well as other players in the immersion cooling fluids market.
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 42
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 42
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 42
1.3 MARKET SCOPE 43
1.3.1 MARKET SEGMENTATION 43
1.3.2 REGIONS COVERED 43
1.4 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS 44
1.4.1 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION: INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS 44
1.4.2 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE: INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS 44
1.4.3 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE: INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS 45
1.4.4 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY: INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS 45
1.5 YEARS CONSIDERED 45
1.6 CURRENCY 46
1.7 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 46
1.8 STAKEHOLDERS 46
1.9 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 46
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 48
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 48
FIGURE 1 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN 48
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 49
2.1.1.1 Key data from secondary sources 49
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 50
2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources 50
2.1.2.2 Breakdown of primary interviews 51
2.2 DEMAND-SIDE ANALYSIS 51
FIGURE 2 PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR ASSESSING DEMAND FOR IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS 51
2.3 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 52
2.3.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 52
FIGURE 3 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 52
2.3.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 52
FIGURE 4 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY: TOP-DOWN APPROACH 52
2.3.3 DEMAND-SIDE APPROACH 53
2.3.4 SUPPLY-SIDE APPROACH 53
FIGURE 5 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY (SUPPLY SIDE): IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET (VOLUME) 54
2.3.5 MARKET GROWTH FORECAST 54
2.4 RECESSION IMPACT 54
2.5 GROWTH RATE ASSUMPTIONS/GROWTH FORECAST 55
2.6 DATA TRIANGULATION 55
FIGURE 6 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: DATA TRIANGULATION 56
2.7 KEY ASSUMPTIONS 57
2.8 LIMITATIONS 57
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 58
TABLE 1 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET SNAPSHOT, 2023 & 2030 59
FIGURE 7 TRANSFORMERS SEGMENT TO DOMINATE OVERALL IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET 59
FIGURE 8 MINERAL OIL TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST MARKET SHARE DURING FORECAST PERIOD 60
FIGURE 9 SINGLE-PHASE COOLING SEGMENT TO LEAD OVERALL MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 60
FIGURE 10 ASIA PACIFIC TO LEAD IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET 61
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 62
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET 62
FIGURE 11 RISING DEMAND FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND ECO-FRIENDLY COOLING SOLUTIONS TO DRIVE MARKET 62
4.2 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION 62
FIGURE 12 ASIA PACIFIC PROJECTED TO RECORD HIGHEST CAGR DURING FORECAST PERIOD 62
4.3 ASIA PACIFIC IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE AND COUNTRY 63
FIGURE 13 TRANSFORMERS SEGMENT DOMINATED ASIA PACIFIC IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN 2022 63
4.4 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: MAJOR COUNTRIES 63
FIGURE 14 CHINA TO REGISTER HIGHEST CAGR IN IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 63
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 64
5.1 INTRODUCTION 64
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 64
FIGURE 15 DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES IN IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET 64
5.2.1 DRIVERS 65
5.2.1.1 Increasing density of servers 65
FIGURE 16 NUMBER OF DATA CENTERS, 2017 & 2022 65
FIGURE 17 AVERAGE SERVER RACK DENSITY, 2016–2020 65
5.2.1.2 Expansion of electric grids in Asia Pacific 66
FIGURE 18 GLOBAL T&D INVESTMENT PROJECTION, 2020–2040 (USD MILLION) 66
5.2.1.3 Growing need for energy-efficient cooling systems 66
5.2.1.4 Demand for eco-friendly cooling solutions for data centers 67
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 67
5.2.2.1 Toxicity of fluorocarbon-based fluids 67
5.2.2.2 Environmental concerns regarding use of mineral oil in transformers 67
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 68
5.2.3.1 Rising demand for bio-based oils 68
5.2.3.2 Adoption of immersion cooling for EV batteries 68
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 69
5.2.4.1 Retrofitting of immersion cooling solutions in data centers 69
5.2.4.2 Fluctuations in crude oil price 69
FIGURE 19 CRUDE OIL PRICES, JANUARY 2019–JULY 2022 (USD/BARREL) 69
5.3 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 70
FIGURE 20 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET 70
TABLE 2 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 71
5.3.1 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 71
5.3.2 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 71
5.3.3 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 72
5.3.4 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 72
5.3.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 73
5.4 EVOLUTION OF IMMERSION COOLING FOR DATA CENTERS 73
FIGURE 21 EVOLUTION OF DATA CENTER COOLING AND IMMERSION COOLING 74
5.5 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 75
FIGURE 22 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: ECOSYSTEM MAPPING 75
TABLE 3 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: ROLE IN ECOSYSTEM 75
5.6 TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 77
FIGURE 23 REVENUE SHIFT AND NEW REVENUE POCKETS IN IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET 77
5.7 PATENT ANALYSIS 78
FIGURE 24 LIST OF MAJOR PATENTS FOR IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS 78
5.7.1 MAJOR PATENTS 79
5.8 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 79
5.8.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 79
5.8.2 SPECIFICATIONS REQUIRED FOR DIELECTRIC FLUID 80
TABLE 4 SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIELECTRIC COOLING FLUID 80
TABLE 5 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR DIELECTRIC COOLING FLUID 81
TABLE 6 HYDROCARBON FLUIDS QUALITY MANAGEMENT 82
TABLE 7 FLUOROCARBON FLUIDS QUALITY MANAGEMENT 83
TABLE 8 REGULATIONS ON USE OF MINERAL OIL IN TRANSFORMERS FOR COOLING PURPOSES 83
5.9 ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING STANDARDS FOR DATA CENTERS 84
5.9.1 INTRODUCTION 84
5.9.2 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE 84
5.9.3 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS 84
5.9.4 INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY AND TRANSPORT 84
5.9.5 DISTRIBUTED MANAGEMENT TASK FORCE 84
5.9.6 TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 84
5.9.7 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 85
5.9.8 CANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION GROUP 85
5.9.9 UNDERWRITERS LABORATORY 85
5.9.10 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 85
5.9.11 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 85
5.9.12 STATEMENT ON STANDARDS FOR ATTESTATION ENGAGEMENTS NO. 16 85
5.9.13 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS COMPLIANCE 85
5.10 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 85
5.10.1 TATA POWER USES CARGILL’S BIOFLUIDS IN PAD-MOUNTED DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER 86
5.10.2 BITFURY GROUP USES 3M’S ENGINEERED FLUIDS TO ENHANCE DATA CENTER COOLING EFFICIENCY 86
5.10.3 DOWNUNDER GEOSOLUTIONS OPTS FOR GREEN REVOLUTION COOLING’S ELECTROSAFE LIQUID COOLANTS 87
5.10.4 MICROSOFT CHOOSES LIQUIDSTACK’S IMMERSION COOLING TECHNOLOGY WITH 3M’S ENGINEERED FLUIDS 87
5.11 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 87
5.11.1 OVERVIEW 87
FIGURE 25 TYPES OF IMMERSION COOLING SOLUTIONS 88
5.11.2 SINGLE-PHASE 88
5.11.2.1 IT chassis 88
5.11.2.2 Tub/Open bath 88
5.11.3 TWO-PHASE 88
5.11.3.1 Tub/Open bath 88
5.11.4 HYBRID 89
5.12 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 89
FIGURE 26 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 89
FIGURE 27 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: KEY COMPANIES 90
5.13 PARTNERSHIPS 91
TABLE 9 PARTNERS OF MAJOR IMMERSION COOLING SOLUTION PROVIDERS 92
5.14 KEY CONFERENCES & EVENTS 94
TABLE 10 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: CONFERENCES & EVENTS (2023 & 2024) 94
5.15 KEY STAKEHOLDERS & BUYING CRITERIA 95
5.15.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 95
FIGURE 28 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS FOR TOP THREE END USES 95
TABLE 11 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS FOR TOP THREE END USES (%) 95
5.15.2 BUYING CRITERIA 95
FIGURE 29 KEY BUYING CRITERIA, BY END USE 95
TABLE 12 KEY BUYING CRITERIA BY TOP 3 END USES 96
5.16 TRADE DATA 96
5.16.1 IMPORT SCENARIO 96
FIGURE 30 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS IMPORT, BY KEY COUNTRIES, 2018–2022 (USD BILLION) 96
5.16.2 EXPORT SCENARIO 97
FIGURE 31 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS EXPORT, BY KEY COUNTRIES, 2018–2022 (USD BILLION) 97
5.17 PRICING ANALYSIS 98
5.17.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF KEY PLAYERS, BY TYPE 98
FIGURE 32 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF KEY PLAYERS, BY TYPE 98
TABLE 13 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF KEY PLAYERS, BY TYPE (USD/L) 98
5.17.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION 99
FIGURE 33 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION 99
TABLE 14 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS, BY REGION (USD/L) 99
6 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY 100
6.1 INTRODUCTION 101
FIGURE 34 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 101
TABLE 15 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 101
TABLE 16 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 101
TABLE 17 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 101
TABLE 18 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 102
6.2 SINGLE-PHASE COOLING 102
6.2.1 COST-EFFECTIVE METHOD REQUIRING LIMITED MAINTENANCE 102
TABLE 19 SINGLE-PHASE COOLING: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 103
TABLE 20 SINGLE-PHASE COOLING: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 103
TABLE 21 SINGLE-PHASE COOLING: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 103
TABLE 22 SINGLE-PHASE COOLING: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 104
6.3 TWO-PHASE COOLING 104
6.3.1 MORE COMPLEX AND EXPENSIVE IMMERSION COOLING SYSTEM 104
TABLE 23 TWO-PHASE COOLING: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 104
TABLE 24 TWO-PHASE COOLING: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 105
TABLE 25 TWO-PHASE COOLING: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 105
TABLE 26 TWO-PHASE COOLING: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 105
7 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE 106
7.1 INTRODUCTION 107
FIGURE 35 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 107
TABLE 27 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 107
TABLE 28 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 108
TABLE 29 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 108
TABLE 30 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 108
7.2 MINERAL OIL 108
7.2.1 EASY AVAILABILITY AND LOW PRICE TO FUEL DEMAND 108
TABLE 31 MINERAL OIL: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 109
TABLE 32 MINERAL OIL: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 109
TABLE 33 MINERAL OIL: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 110
TABLE 34 MINERAL OIL: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 110
7.3 FLUOROCARBON-BASED FLUIDS 110
7.3.1 ASIA PACIFIC TO BE LARGEST MARKET FOR FLUOROCARBON-BASED FLUIDS 110
TABLE 35 FLUOROCARBON-BASED FLUIDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 111
TABLE 36 FLUOROCARBON-BASED FLUIDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 111
TABLE 37 FLUOROCARBON-BASED FLUIDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 111
TABLE 38 FLUOROCARBON-BASED FLUIDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 112
7.4 SYNTHETIC FLUIDS 112
7.4.1 LOW CORROSION PROPERTY OF SYNTHETIC FLUIDS PROJECTED TO FUEL DEMAND 112
TABLE 39 SYNTHETIC FLUIDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 113
TABLE 40 SYNTHETIC FLUIDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 113
TABLE 41 SYNTHETIC FLUIDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 113
TABLE 42 SYNTHETIC FLUIDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 114
7.5 OTHERS 114
TABLE 43 OTHERS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 114
TABLE 44 OTHERS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 115
TABLE 45 OTHERS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 115
TABLE 46 OTHERS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 115
8 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE 116
8.1 INTRODUCTION 117
FIGURE 36 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 117
TABLE 47 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 117
TABLE 48 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 117
TABLE 49 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 117
TABLE 50 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 118
8.2 DATA CENTERS 118
TABLE 51 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN DATA CENTERS, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 118
TABLE 52 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN DATA CENTERS, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 119
TABLE 53 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN DATA CENTERS, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 119
TABLE 54 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN DATA CENTERS, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 119
8.2.1 HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING 120
8.2.1.1 HPC users increasingly shifting to immersion cooling solutions 120
8.2.2 EDGE COMPUTING 120
8.2.2.1 Growing demand for edge computing in oil & gas and telecom sectors to drive market 120
8.2.3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 120
8.2.3.1 Increasing implementation of AI in various applications to fuel demand 120
8.2.4 CRYPTOCURRENCY MINING 121
8.2.4.1 Cryptocurrency miners increasingly adopting immersion cooling solutions 121
8.2.5 OTHERS 121
8.3 EV BATTERIES 121
8.3.1 USE OF IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS EXPECTED TO INCREASE FOR EV BATTERY COOLING 121
TABLE 55 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN EV BATTERIES, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 122
TABLE 56 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN EV BATTERIES, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 122
TABLE 57 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN EV BATTERIES, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 123
TABLE 58 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN EV BATTERIES, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 123
8.4 TRANSFORMERS 123
8.4.1 MINERAL OIL WIDELY USED FOR COOLING TRANSFORMERS 123
TABLE 59 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN TRANSFORMERS, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 124
TABLE 60 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN TRANSFORMERS, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 124
TABLE 61 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN TRANSFORMERS, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 124
TABLE 62 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET IN TRANSFORMERS, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 125
8.5 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 125
8.5.1 IMMERSION COOLING OF SOLAR PV SYSTEMS STILL IN R&D STAGE 125
9 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION 126
9.1 INTRODUCTION 127
FIGURE 37 CHINA TO REGISTER HIGHEST CAGR IN IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 127
TABLE 63 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 127
TABLE 64 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 128
TABLE 65 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 128
TABLE 66 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 128
9.2 ASIA PACIFIC 129
9.2.1 RECESSION IMPACT 129
FIGURE 38 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET SNAPSHOT 130
TABLE 67 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 131
TABLE 68 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 131
TABLE 69 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 131
TABLE 70 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 132
TABLE 71 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 132
TABLE 72 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 132
TABLE 73 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 133
TABLE 74 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 133
TABLE 75 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 133
TABLE 76 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 134
TABLE 77 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 134
TABLE 78 ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 134
9.2.2 CHINA 135
9.2.2.1 Increasing requirement for efficient cooling solutions for transformers to drive market 135
TABLE 79 CHINA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 135
TABLE 80 CHINA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 136
TABLE 81 CHINA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 136
TABLE 82 CHINA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 136
TABLE 83 CHINA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 136
TABLE 84 CHINA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 137
TABLE 85 CHINA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 137
TABLE 86 CHINA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 137
9.2.3 INDIA 138
9.2.3.1 Significant deployment of data centers to increase demand for cooling fluids 138
TABLE 87 INDIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 138
TABLE 88 INDIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 138
TABLE 89 INDIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 139
TABLE 90 INDIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 139
TABLE 91 INDIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 139
TABLE 92 INDIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 139
TABLE 93 INDIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 140
TABLE 94 INDIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 140
9.2.4 JAPAN 140
9.2.4.1 Growing electronics industry to drive market 140
TABLE 95 JAPAN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 141
TABLE 96 JAPAN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 141
TABLE 97 JAPAN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 141
TABLE 98 JAPAN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 141
TABLE 99 JAPAN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 142
TABLE 100 JAPAN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 142
TABLE 101 JAPAN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 142
TABLE 102 JAPAN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 143
9.2.5 SOUTH KOREA 143
9.2.5.1 Advancements in data center technologies to support market growth 143
TABLE 103 SOUTH KOREA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 143
TABLE 104 SOUTH KOREA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 144
TABLE 105 SOUTH KOREA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 144
TABLE 106 SOUTH KOREA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 144
TABLE 107 SOUTH KOREA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 144
TABLE 108 SOUTH KOREA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 145
TABLE 109 SOUTH KOREA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 145
TABLE 110 SOUTH KOREA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 145
9.2.6 AUSTRALIA 146
9.2.6.1 Growing transformer requirements to boost demand for cooling solutions 146
TABLE 111 AUSTRALIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 146
TABLE 112 AUSTRALIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 146
TABLE 113 AUSTRALIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 147
TABLE 114 AUSTRALIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 147
TABLE 115 AUSTRALIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 147
TABLE 116 AUSTRALIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 148
TABLE 117 AUSTRALIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 148
TABLE 118 AUSTRALIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 148
9.2.7 MALAYSIA 149
9.2.7.1 Big data and artificial intelligence trends to drive market 149
TABLE 119 MALAYSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 149
TABLE 120 MALAYSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 149
TABLE 121 MALAYSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 149
TABLE 122 MALAYSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 150
TABLE 123 MALAYSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 150
TABLE 124 MALAYSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 150
TABLE 125 MALAYSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 151
TABLE 126 MALAYSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 151
9.2.8 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 151
TABLE 127 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 151
TABLE 128 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 152
TABLE 129 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 152
TABLE 130 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 152
TABLE 131 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 153
TABLE 132 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 153
TABLE 133 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 153
TABLE 134 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 154
9.3 NORTH AMERICA 154
9.3.1 RECESSION IMPACT 154
FIGURE 39 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET SNAPSHOT 155
TABLE 135 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 155
TABLE 136 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 156
TABLE 137 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 156
TABLE 138 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 156
TABLE 139 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 156
TABLE 140 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 157
TABLE 141 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 157
TABLE 142 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 157
TABLE 143 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 157
TABLE 144 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 158
TABLE 145 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 158
TABLE 146 NORTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 158
9.3.2 US 159
9.3.2.1 Rapid advancements in technologies to support market growth 159
TABLE 147 US: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 159
TABLE 148 US: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 159
TABLE 149 US: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 160
TABLE 150 US: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 160
TABLE 151 US: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 160
TABLE 152 US: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 160
TABLE 153 US: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 161
TABLE 154 US: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 161
9.3.3 CANADA 161
9.3.3.1 Government investments in power infrastructure to drive market 161
TABLE 155 CANADA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 162
TABLE 156 CANADA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 162
TABLE 157 CANADA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 162
TABLE 158 CANADA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 163
TABLE 159 CANADA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 163
TABLE 160 CANADA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 163
TABLE 161 CANADA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 164
TABLE 162 CANADA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 164
9.3.4 MEXICO 164
9.3.4.1 Expanding manufacturing sector to fuel demand 164
TABLE 163 MEXICO: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 165
TABLE 164 MEXICO: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 165
TABLE 165 MEXICO: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 165
TABLE 166 MEXICO: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 166
TABLE 167 MEXICO: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 166
TABLE 168 MEXICO: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 166
TABLE 169 MEXICO: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 167
TABLE 170 MEXICO: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 167
9.4 EUROPE 167
9.4.1 RECESSION IMPACT 167
FIGURE 40 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET SNAPSHOT 168
TABLE 171 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 169
TABLE 172 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 169
TABLE 173 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 170
TABLE 174 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 170
TABLE 175 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 170
TABLE 176 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 171
TABLE 177 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 171
TABLE 178 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 171
TABLE 179 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 171
TABLE 180 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 172
TABLE 181 EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 172
TABLE 182 EUROPE IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 172
9.4.2 GERMANY 173
9.4.2.1 Improvements in IT infrastructure to increase consumption of immersion cooling fluids 173
TABLE 183 GERMANY: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 173
TABLE 184 GERMANY: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 173
TABLE 185 GERMANY: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 174
TABLE 186 GERMANY: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 174
TABLE 187 GERMANY: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 174
TABLE 188 GERMANY: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 175
TABLE 189 GERMANY: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 175
TABLE 190 GERMANY: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 175
9.4.3 FRANCE 176
9.4.3.1 Increased investments in renewable energy to drive market 176
TABLE 191 FRANCE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 176
TABLE 192 FRANCE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 176
TABLE 193 FRANCE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 177
TABLE 194 FRANCE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 177
TABLE 195 FRANCE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 177
TABLE 196 FRANCE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 178
TABLE 197 FRANCE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 178
TABLE 198 FRANCE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 178
9.4.4 UK 179
9.4.4.1 Need for effective cooling solutions for transformers to drive market 179
TABLE 199 UK: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 179
TABLE 200 UK: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 179
TABLE 201 UK: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 180
TABLE 202 UK: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 180
TABLE 203 UK: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 180
TABLE 204 UK: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 181
TABLE 205 UK: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 181
TABLE 206 UK: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 181
9.4.5 NETHERLANDS 181
9.4.5.1 Rising number of data centers to fuel demand 181
TABLE 207 NETHERLANDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 182
TABLE 208 NETHERLANDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 182
TABLE 209 NETHERLANDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 182
TABLE 210 NETHERLANDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 183
TABLE 211 NETHERLANDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 183
TABLE 212 NETHERLANDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 183
TABLE 213 NETHERLANDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 184
TABLE 214 NETHERLANDS: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 184
9.4.6 SPAIN 184
9.4.6.1 Increasing demand for cloud computing and data centers to drive market 184
TABLE 215 SPAIN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 185
TABLE 216 SPAIN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 185
TABLE 217 SPAIN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 185
TABLE 218 SPAIN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 185
TABLE 219 SPAIN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 186
TABLE 220 SPAIN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 186
TABLE 221 SPAIN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 186
TABLE 222 SPAIN: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 187
9.4.7 RUSSIA 187
9.4.7.1 Power plant upgrades to support market growth 187
TABLE 223 RUSSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 187
TABLE 224 RUSSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 188
TABLE 225 RUSSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 188
TABLE 226 RUSSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 188
TABLE 227 RUSSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 188
TABLE 228 RUSSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 189
TABLE 229 RUSSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 189
TABLE 230 RUSSIA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 189
9.4.8 REST OF EUROPE 190
TABLE 231 REST OF EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 190
TABLE 232 REST OF EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 190
TABLE 233 REST OF EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 190
TABLE 234 REST OF EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 191
TABLE 235 REST OF EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 191
TABLE 236 REST OF EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 191
TABLE 237 REST OF EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 192
TABLE 238 REST OF EUROPE: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 192
9.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 192
9.5.1 RECESSION IMPACT 193
TABLE 239 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 193
TABLE 240 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 193
TABLE 241 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 193
TABLE 242 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 194
TABLE 243 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 194
TABLE 244 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 194
TABLE 245 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 195
TABLE 246 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 195
9.6 SOUTH AMERICA 195
9.6.1 RECESSION IMPACT 195
TABLE 247 SOUTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 196
TABLE 248 SOUTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 196
TABLE 249 SOUTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 196
TABLE 250 SOUTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY END USE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 197
TABLE 251 SOUTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 197
TABLE 252 SOUTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (USD THOUSAND) 197
TABLE 253 SOUTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND LITERS) 198
TABLE 254 SOUTH AMERICA: IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2030 (THOUSAND LITERS) 198
10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 199
10.1 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN 199
TABLE 255 OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY IMMERSION COOLING FLUID MANUFACTURERS 199
10.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 200
FIGURE 41 REVENUE ANALYSIS FOR TOP 2 COMPANIES, 2018–2022 200
10.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS 200
FIGURE 42 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS: MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS 201
TABLE 256 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: DEGREE OF COMPETITION 201
10.3.1 RANKING OF KEY MARKET PLAYERS, 2022 202
FIGURE 43 RANKING OF TOP 5 PLAYERS IN IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET 202
10.4 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022 203
10.4.1 STARS 203
10.4.2 EMERGING LEADERS 203
10.4.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 203
10.4.4 PARTICIPANTS 203
FIGURE 44 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022 204
10.4.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT 205
TABLE 257 COMPANY OVERALL FOOTPRINT 205
TABLE 258 COMPANY TYPE FOOTPRINT, 2022 205
TABLE 259 COMPANY END USE FOOTPRINT, 2022 206
TABLE 260 COMPANY REGION FOOTPRINT, 2022 207
10.5 SME EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022 208
10.5.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 208
10.5.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 208
10.5.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 209
10.5.4 STARTING BLOCKS 209
FIGURE 45 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: SME EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022 209
10.5.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 210
TABLE 261 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: DETAILED LIST OF KEY START-UPS/SMES 210
TABLE 262 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF KEY START-UPS/SMES 210
10.6 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO AND TRENDS 211
10.6.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 211
TABLE 263 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, 2016–2023 211
10.6.2 DEALS 212
TABLE 264 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: DEALS, 2016–2023 212
10.6.3 OTHERS 214
TABLE 265 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS MARKET: OTHERS, 2016–2023 214
11 COMPANY PROFILES 216
(Business overview, Products/Services/Solutions offered, Recent Developments, MNM view)*
11.1 KEY PLAYERS 216
11.1.1 NYNAS AB 216
TABLE 266 NYNAS AB: COMPANY OVERVIEW 216
TABLE 267 NYNAS AB: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 216
TABLE 268 NYNAS AB: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 217
TABLE 269 NYNAS AB: OTHERS 217
11.1.2 ERGON, INC. 219
TABLE 270 ERGON, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 219
TABLE 271 ERGON, INC.: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 219
TABLE 272 ERGON, INC.: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 220
TABLE 273 ERGON, INC.: OTHERS 220
11.1.3 PETROCHINA COMPANY LIMITED 222
TABLE 274 PETROCHINA COMPANY LIMITED: COMPANY OVERVIEW 222
FIGURE 46 PETROCHINA COMPANY LIMITED: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 223
TABLE 275 PETROCHINA COMPANY LIMITED: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 223
TABLE 276 PETROCHINA COMPANY LIMITED: OTHERS 224
11.1.4 APAR INDUSTRIES 225
TABLE 277 APAR INDUSTRIES: COMPANY OVERVIEW 225
FIGURE 47 APAR INDUSTRIES: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 226
TABLE 278 APAR INDUSTRIES: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 226
11.1.5 SINOPEC LUBRICANT COMPANY 229
TABLE 279 SINOPEC LUBRICANT COMPANY: COMPANY OVERVIEW 229
TABLE 280 SINOPEC LUBRICANT COMPANY: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 229
TABLE 281 SINOPEC LUBRICANT COMPANY: OTHERS 229
11.1.6 SOLVAY 231
TABLE 282 SOLVAY: COMPANY OVERVIEW 231
FIGURE 48 SOLVAY: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 231
TABLE 283 SOLVAY: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 232
11.1.7 LANXESS 233
TABLE 284 LANXESS: COMPANY OVERVIEW 233
FIGURE 49 LANXESS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 233
TABLE 285 LANXESS: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 234
11.1.8 3M 235
TABLE 286 3M: COMPANY OVERVIEW 235
FIGURE 50 3M: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 235
TABLE 287 3M: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 236
TABLE 288 3M: DEALS 236
TABLE 289 3M: OTHERS 236
11.1.9 CHEMOURS 237
TABLE 290 CHEMOURS: COMPANY OVERVIEW 237
FIGURE 51 CHEMOURS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 237
TABLE 291 CHEMOURS: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 238
TABLE 292 CHEMOURS: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 238
11.1.10 SHELL PLC 239
TABLE 293 SHELL PLC: COMPANY OVERVIEW 239
FIGURE 52 SHELL PLC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 239
TABLE 294 SHELL PLC: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 240
TABLE 295 SHELL PLC: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 240
11.1.11 FUCHS PETROLUB SE 241
TABLE 296 FUCHS PETROLUB SE: COMPANY OVERVIEW 241
FIGURE 53 FUCHS PETROLUB SE: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 241
TABLE 297 FUCHS PETROLUB SE: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 242
11.1.12 GREEN REVOLUTION COOLING INC. 243
TABLE 298 GREEN REVOLUTION COOLING INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 243
TABLE 299 GREEN REVOLUTION COOLING INC.: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 243
TABLE 300 GREEN REVOLUTION COOLING INC.: DEALS 243
11.1.13 SUBMER 244
TABLE 301 SUBMER: COMPANY OVERVIEW 244
TABLE 302 SUBMER: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 244
TABLE 303 SUBMER: OTHERS 244
11.1.14 ENGINEERED FLUIDS 245
TABLE 304 ENGINEERED FLUIDS: COMPANY OVERVIEW 245
TABLE 305 ENGINEERED FLUIDS: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 245
11.1.15 M&I MATERIALS LIMITED 246
TABLE 306 M&I MATERIALS LIMITED: COMPANY OVERVIEW 246
TABLE 307 M&I MATERIALS LIMITED: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 246
TABLE 308 M&I MATERIALS LIMITED: DEALS 246
11.1.16 THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION 248
TABLE 309 THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW 248
TABLE 310 THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 248
TABLE 311 THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION: DEALS 248
11.1.17 CASTROL 250
TABLE 312 CASTROL: COMPANY OVERVIEW 250
TABLE 313 CASTROL: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 250
TABLE 314 CASTROL: DEALS 250
11.1.18 CARGILL, INCORPORATED 251
TABLE 315 CARGILL, INCORPORATED: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 251
TABLE 316 CARGILL, INCORPORATED: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 251
TABLE 317 CARGILL, INCORPORATED: DEALS 251
TABLE 318 CARGILL, INCORPORATED: OTHERS 252
11.1.19 DOBER 253
TABLE 319 DOBER: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 253
TABLE 320 DOBER: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 253
11.1.20 TOTALENERGIES 254
TABLE 321 TOTALENERGIES: COMPANY OVERVIEW 254
FIGURE 54 TOTALENERGIES: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 254
TABLE 322 TOTALENERGIES: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 255
TABLE 323 TOTALENERGIES: DEALS 255
11.1.21 HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC. 256
TABLE 324 HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 256
FIGURE 55 HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 256
TABLE 325 HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC.: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 257
11.2 OTHER PLAYERS 258
11.2.1 SHENZHEN HUAYI BROTHER TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. 258
TABLE 326 SHENZHEN HUAYI BROTHER TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 258
TABLE 327 SHENZHEN HUAYI BROTHER TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 258
11.2.2 ZHEJIANG NOAH FLUOROCHEMICAL CO., LTD. 259
TABLE 328 ZHEJIANG NOAH FLUOROCHEMICAL CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 259
TABLE 329 ZHEJIANG NOAH FLUOROCHEMICAL CO., LTD.: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 259
11.2.3 FLUOREZ TECHNOLOGY INC. 260
TABLE 330 FLUOREZ TECHNOLOGY INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 260
TABLE 331 FLUOREZ TECHNOLOGY INC.: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 260
11.2.4 GUANGDONG GIANT FLUORINE ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD 261
TABLE 332 GUANGDONG GIANT FLUORINE ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD: COMPANY OVERVIEW 261
TABLE 333 GUANGDONG GIANT FLUORINE ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 261
11.2.5 SANMING HEXAFLUO CHEMICALS CO., LTD. 262
TABLE 334 SANMING HEXAFLUO CHEMICALS CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 262
*Details on Business overview, Products/Services/Solutions offered, Recent Developments, MNM view might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
12 ADJACENT AND RELATED MARKETS 263
12.1 INTRODUCTION 263
12.2 LIMITATIONS 263
12.3 IMMERSION COOLING FLUIDS INTERCONNECTED MARKETS 263
12.3.1 DATA CENTER LIQUID COOLING MARKET 263
12.3.1.1 Market definition 263
12.3.1.2 Market overview 263
12.4 DATA CENTER LIQUID COOLING MARKET, BY TYPE OF COOLING 264
12.4.1 COLD PLATE LIQUID COOLING 264
12.4.1.1 High-density data center installation to drive market 264
12.4.2 IMMERSED LIQUID COOLING 264
12.4.2.1 Low carbon footprint through immersion liquid cooling to drive market 264
TABLE 335 DATA CENTER LIQUID COOLING MARKET, BY TYPE OF COOLING, 2017–2022 (USD MILLION) 265
TABLE 336 DATA CENTER LIQUID COOLING MARKET, BY TYPE OF COOLING, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 265
13 APPENDIX 266
13.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE 266
13.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 269
13.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 271
13.4 RELATED REPORTS 271
13.5 AUTHOR DETAILS 272
