출판：Inkwood Research（잉크우드 리서치） 출판년월：2022년04월
GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET FORECAST 2022-2030
제품별 소스(소, 돼지, 기타 소스) 시장(젤라틴, 가수분해 콜라겐, 천연 콜라겐, 기타 제품) 용도별 시장(상처 관리, 뼈 이식편, 조직 지지대, 연골 복구, 지혈제, 진단, 혈관 이식편, 기타 용도) 지역별
| 페이지수 | 235 |
| 가격 | |
| 싱글 사용자 라이센스 | USD 2,500 |
| 다중 사용자 라이센스 | USD 3,000 |
| 엔터프라이즈 라이센스 | USD 4,500 |
| 구성 | 영문조사보고서 |
Global Medical Collagen Market by Source (Bovine, Porcine, Other Sources) Market by Product (Gelatine, Hydrolyzed Collagen, Native Collagen, Other Products) Market by Application (Wound Care, Bone Grafts, Tissue Scaffolds, Cartilage Repair, Haemostats, Diagnostics, Vascular Grafts, Other Applications) By Geography
KEY FINDINGS
The global medical collagen market is expected to project a CAGR of 6.35% during the forecast period, 2022-2030. The key market growth drivers are the growing awareness among people and the increasing demands from the medical devices industry.
세계 의료용 콜라겐 시장은 2022-2030년 예측 기간 동안 6.35%의 CAGR을 예상할 것으로 예상됩니다. 주요 시장 성장 동인은 사람들의 인식 증가와 의료 기기 산업의 수요 증가입니다.
MARKET INSIGHTS
Collagen is the abundantly available protein in the human body found in skin, tendons, muscles, and bones. It holds the body together, forming a scaffold to offer structure and strength. Collagen fibers in the human skin damage with time, losing strength and thickness, leading to aging skin. In the cosmetics industry, collagen is used in creams as a nutritional supplement for skin replacement, soft skin augmentation, cardiac & vascular reconstruction, cartilage and bone regeneration, etc. In addition, it is a common component in shampoos, soaps, body lotions, facial creams, etc. Besides, hydrolyzed collagen is a vital constituent in hair and skin care products. One of its central applications is in combination with surfactants and active washing agents in shower gels and shampoos. As a result, the rising demand for collagen cosmetic products drives the global medical collagen market growth. On the other hand, the market growth is hindered by the use of animal-based products and the side effects.
REGIONAL INSIGHTS
The global medical collagen market growth analysis includes the geographical evaluation of Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of World. Asia-Pacific is set to record the highest CAGR by 2030, attributed to the growing collagen application in the medical industry, the rising middle-class population, and the increasing disposable income.
COMPETITIVE INSIGHTS
The competition is high, since the market is complicated. In addition, the key players are launching new products to serve their consumers efficiently. Some of the key firms in the market include Darling Ingredients Inc, Gelita, DSM, Connoils Llc, etc.
Our report offerings include:
• Explore key findings of the overall market
• Strategic breakdown of market dynamics (Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, Challenges)
• Market forecasts for a minimum of 9 years, along with 3 years of historical data for all segments, sub-segments, and regions
• Market Segmentation cater to a thorough assessment of key segments with their market estimations
• Geographical Analysis: Assessments of the mentioned regions and country-level segments with their market share
• Key analytics: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, Vendor Landscape, Opportunity Matrix, Key Buying Criteria, etc.
• Competitive landscape is the theoretical explanation of the key companies based on factors, market share, etc.
• Company profiling: A detailed company overview, product/services offered, SCOT analysis, and recent strategic developments
SEGMENTATION
- MARKET BY SOURCE
- BOVINE
- PORCINE
- OTHER SOURCES
- MARKET BY PRODUCT
- GELATINE
- HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN
- NATIVE COLLAGEN
- OTHER PRODUCTS
- MARKET BY APPLICATION
- WOUND CARE
- BONE GRAFTS
- TISSUE SCAFFOLDS
- CARTILAGE REPAIR
- HAEMOSTATS
- DIAGNOSTICS
- VASCULAR GRAFTS
- OTHER APPLICATIONS
- GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
- NORTH AMERICA
- MARKET SIZE & ESTIMATES
- KEY GROWTH ENABLERS
- KEY CHALLENGES
- KEY PLAYERS
- COUNTRY ANALYSIS
- UNITED STATES
- CANADA
- EUROPE
- MARKET SIZE & ESTIMATES
- KEY GROWTH ENABLERS
- KEY CHALLENGES
- KEY PLAYERS
- COUNTRY ANALYSIS
- UNITED KINGDOM
- GERMANY
- FRANCE
- SPAIN
- ITALY
- NORDIC COUNTRIES
- REST OF EUROPE
- ASIA-PACIFIC
- MARKET SIZE & ESTIMATES
- KEY GROWTH ENABLERS
- KEY CHALLENGES
- KEY PLAYERS
- COUNTRY ANALYSIS
- CHINA
- JAPAN
- INDIA
- SOUTH KOREA
- INDONESIA
- TAIWAN
- SINGAPORE
- AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND
- REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
- REST OF WORLD
- MARKET SIZE & ESTIMATES
- KEY GROWTH ENABLERS
- KEY CHALLENGES
- KEY PLAYERS
- REGIONAL ANALYSIS
- LATIN AMERICA
- MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- NORTH AMERICA
관련조사보고서
Inkwood Research에서는 아래의 지역/국가별 시장조사보고서도 출판되어 있습니다.각 보고서의 상세 설명에 대한 문의도 받고 있습니다。
- EUROPE MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET FORECAST 2022-2030
유럽 의료 콜라겐 2022-2030 - NORTH AMERICA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET FORECAST 2022-2030
북미의 의료용 콜라겐 2022-2030년 - INDIA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET FORECAST 2022-2028
인도의 의료용 콜라겐 2022-2028 - ASIA-PACIFIC MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET FORECAST 2022-2030
아시아 태평양 지역의 의료용 콜라겐 2022-2030년
목차
- RESEARCH SCOPE & METHODOLOGY
- STUDY OBJECTIVES
- SCOPE OF STUDY
- METHODOLOGY
- ASSUMPTIONS & LIMITATIONS
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- MARKET SIZE & ESTIMATES
- MARKET OVERVIEW
- MARKET DYNAMICS
- KEY DRIVERS
- INCREASING AWARENESS
- GROWING DEMAND FROM MEDICAL DEVICES INDUSTRY
- KEY RESTRAINTS
- RESTRICTED DEMANDS DUE TO ANIMAL-BASED PRODUCTS’ USE
- HEALTH-RELATED ISSUES
- KEY DRIVERS
- KEY ANALYTICS
- IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET
- KEY MARKET TRENDS
- PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- BUYERS POWER
- SUPPLIERS POWER
- SUBSTITUTION
- NEW ENTRANTS
- INDUSTRY RIVALRY
- OPPORTUNITY MATRIX
- VENDOR LANDSCAPE
- VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
- KEY BUYING CRITERIA
- QUALITY
- SIDE-EFFECTS
- PRODUCT EFFECTIVENESS
- PRICE
- REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
- MARKET BY SOURCE
- BOVINE
- PORCINE
- OTHER SOURCES
- MARKET BY PRODUCT
- GELATINE
- HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN
- NATIVE COLLAGEN
- OTHER PRODUCTS
- MARKET BY APPLICATION
- WOUND CARE
- BONE GRAFTS
- TISSUE SCAFFOLDS
- CARTILAGE REPAIR
- HAEMOSTATS
- DIAGNOSTICS
- VASCULAR GRAFTS
- OTHER APPLICATIONS
- GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
- NORTH AMERICA
- MARKET SIZE & ESTIMATES
- KEY GROWTH ENABLERS
- KEY CHALLENGES
- KEY PLAYERS
- COUNTRY ANALYSIS
- UNITED STATES
- CANADA
- EUROPE
- MARKET SIZE & ESTIMATES
- KEY GROWTH ENABLERS
- KEY CHALLENGES
- KEY PLAYERS
- COUNTRY ANALYSIS
- UNITED KINGDOM
- GERMANY
- FRANCE
- SPAIN
- ITALY
- NORDIC COUNTRIES
- REST OF EUROPE
- ASIA-PACIFIC
- MARKET SIZE & ESTIMATES
- KEY GROWTH ENABLERS
- KEY CHALLENGES
- KEY PLAYERS
- COUNTRY ANALYSIS
- CHINA
- JAPAN
- INDIA
- SOUTH KOREA
- INDONESIA
- TAIWAN
- SINGAPORE
- AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND
- REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
- REST OF WORLD
- MARKET SIZE & ESTIMATES
- KEY GROWTH ENABLERS
- KEY CHALLENGES
- KEY PLAYERS
- REGIONAL ANALYSIS
- LATIN AMERICA
- MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- NORTH AMERICA
- COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- KEY STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS
- MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS
- PRODUCTS LAUNCHES & DEVELOPMENTS
- PARTNERSHIPS & AGREEMENTS
- BUSINESS EXPANSIONS & DIVESTITURES
- COMPANY PROFILES
- COLLAGEN MATRIX INC
- CONNOILS LLC
- DARLING INGREDIENTS INC
- DSM
- GELITA
- INTEGRA LIFESCIENCES
- ITALGEL
- JELLAGEN
- LAPI GELATINE
- NIPPI INC
- NITTA GELATIN
- STRYKER
- SYMATESE
- TESSENDERLO
- WEISHARDT
- KEY STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: MARKET SNAPSHOT – MEDICAL COLLAGEN
TABLE 2: SOME MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLAGEN
TABLE 3: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
TABLE 4: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY SOURCE, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 5: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY SOURCE, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 6: GLOBAL BOVINE MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 7: GLOBAL BOVINE MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 8: GLOBAL PORCINE MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 9: GLOBAL PORCINE MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 10: GLOBAL OTHER SOURCES MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 11: GLOBAL OTHER SOURCES MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 12: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY PRODUCT, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 13: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY PRODUCT, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 14: GLOBAL GELATINE MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 15: GLOBAL GELATINE MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 16: GLOBAL HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 17: GLOBAL HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 18: GLOBAL NATIVE COLLAGEN MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 19: GLOBAL NATIVE COLLAGEN MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 20: GLOBAL OTHER PRODUCTS TYPE MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 21: GLOBAL OTHER PRODUCTS TYPE MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 22: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY APPLICATION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 23: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY APPLICATION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 24: GLOBAL WOUND CARE MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 25: GLOBAL WOUND CARE MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 26: GLOBAL BONE GRAFTS MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 27: GLOBAL BONE GRAFTS MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 28: GLOBAL TISSUE SCAFFOLDS MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 29: GLOBAL TISSUE SCAFFOLDS MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 30: GLOBAL CARTILAGE REPAIR MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 31: GLOBAL CARTILAGE REPAIR MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 32: GLOBAL HAEMOSTATS MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 33: GLOBAL HAEMOSTATS MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 34: GLOBAL DIAGNOSTICS MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 35: GLOBAL DIAGNOSTICS MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 36: GLOBAL VASCULAR GRAFTS MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 37: GLOBAL VASCULAR GRAFTS MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 38: GLOBAL OTHER APPLICATIONS MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 39: GLOBAL OTHER APPLICATIONS MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 40: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 41: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 42: NORTH AMERICA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY COUNTRY, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 43: NORTH AMERICA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY COUNTRY, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 44: LEADING PLAYERS OPERATING IN NORTH AMERICA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET
TABLE 45: EUROPE MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY COUNTRY, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 46: EUROPE MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY COUNTRY, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 47: LEADING PLAYERS OPERATING IN EUROPE MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET
TABLE 48: ASIA-PACIFIC MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY COUNTRY, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 49: ASIA-PACIFIC MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY COUNTRY, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 50: LEADING PLAYERS OPERATING IN ASIA-PACIFIC MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET
TABLE 51: REST OF WORLD MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY REGION, HISTORICAL YEARS, 2018-2021 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 52: REST OF WORLD MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY REGION, FORECAST YEARS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
TABLE 53: LEADING PLAYERS OPERATING IN REST OF WORLD MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET
TABLE 54: LIST OF MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS
TABLE 55: LIST OF PRODUCTS LAUNCHES & DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 56: LIST OF PARTNERSHIPS & AGREEMENTS
TABLE 57: LIST OF BUSINESS EXPANSIONS & DIVESTITURES
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: KEY MARKET TRENDS
FIGURE 2: PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
FIGURE 3: OPPORTUNITY MATRIX
FIGURE 4: VENDOR LANDSCAPE
FIGURE 5: VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
FIGURE 6: KEY BUYING CRITERIA
FIGURE 7: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, GROWTH POTENTIAL, BY SOURCE, IN 2021
FIGURE 8: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY BOVINE, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 9: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY PORCINE, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 10: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY OTHER SOURCES, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 11: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, GROWTH POTENTIAL, BY PRODUCT, IN 2021
FIGURE 12: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY GELATINE, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 13: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 14: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY NATIVE COLLAGEN, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 15: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY OTHER PRODUCTS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 16: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, GROWTH POTENTIAL, BY APPLICATION, IN 2021
FIGURE 17: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY WOUND CARE, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 18: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY BONE GRAFTS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 19: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY TISSUE SCAFFOLDS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 20: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY CARTILAGE REPAIR, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 21: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY HAEMOSTATS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 22: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY DIAGNOSTICS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 23: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY VASCULAR GRAFTS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 24: GLOBAL MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, BY OTHER APPLICATIONS, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 25: NORTH AMERICA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, COUNTRY OUTLOOK, 2021 & 2030 (IN %)
FIGURE 26: UNITED STATES MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 27: CANADA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 28: EUROPE MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, COUNTRY OUTLOOK, 2021 & 2030 (IN %)
FIGURE 29: UNITED KINGDOM MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 30: GERMANY MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 31: FRANCE MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 32: SPAIN MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 33: ITALY MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 34: NORDIC COUNTRIES MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 35: REST OF EUROPE MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 36: ASIA-PACIFIC MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, COUNTRY OUTLOOK, 2021 & 2030 (IN %)
FIGURE 37: CHINA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 38: JAPAN MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 39: INDIA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 40: SOUTH KOREA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 41: INDONESIA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 42: TAIWAN MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 43: SINGAPORE MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 44: AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 45: REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 46: REST OF WORLD MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, REGIONAL OUTLOOK, 2021 & 2030 (IN %)
FIGURE 47: LATIN AMERICA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
FIGURE 48: MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MEDICAL COLLAGEN MARKET, 2022-2030 (IN $ MILLION)
