Bidirectional Charging Market – Global Forecast to 2035
양방향 충전 시장 – 응용 분야(V2G, V2H, V2L), 추진 유형(BEV 및 PHEV), 차량 유형(승용차 및 경상용차), 충전 유형(AC 충전 및 DC 충전), 최종 사용 및 지역 – 2035년까지의 세계 예측
Bidirectional Charging Market by Application (V2G, V2H, V2L), Propulsion Type (BEV and PHEV), Vehicle Type (Passenger Car and Light Commercial Vehicle), Charging Type (AC Charging and DC Charging), End Use, and Region – Global Forecast to 2035
| 조사회사 | MarketsandMarkets |
| 출판년월 | 2025년10월 |
| 페이지 수 | 264 |
| 도표 수 | 322 |
| 라이센스 | Single User License |
| 가격 | USD 4,950 |
| 구성 | 영문조사보고서 |
전 세계 양방향 충전 시장은 2025년 7천만 달러에서 2035년 8억 4,410만 달러로 연평균 28.3% 성장할 것으로 전망됩니다. 양방향 충전 수요는 에너지 비용 절감, 안정적인 가정용 예비 전력, 그리고 향상된 전력망 안정성에 의해 주도됩니다. V2H(Vehicle-to-House) 기능을 통해 전기차는 가정으로 에너지를 되돌려 보내 최대 부하 관리를 지원할 수 있습니다. V2G 도입이 확대되면 소비자들은 에너지 차익거래와 예비 전력을 통해 잠재적인 비용 절감 효과를 누릴 수 있을 것으로 예상됩니다. 규제 인센티브와 스마트 그리드 이니셔티브는 이러한 도입을 더욱 가속화할 것입니다.
양방향 충전 수요를 견인하는 핵심 기술 개발에는 효율적인 에너지 흐름을 위한 첨단 전력 전자 장치, 고용량 고속 충전 EV 배터리, 그리고 실시간 그리드 상호 작용을 위한 스마트 에너지 관리 시스템이 포함됩니다. 차량과 그리드 간의 표준화된 통신 프로토콜이 등장하여 원활한 통합을 가능하게 합니다. 향상된 인버터 기술은 에너지 수출 과정에서 발생하는 손실을 줄여줍니다. 핵심 첨단 전자 장치로는 그리드 동기화 및 에너지 최적화를 위한 스마트 제어 시스템의 지원을 받는 원활한 양방향 전력 흐름을 관리하는 고효율 양방향 DC-DC 컨버터와 인버터가 있습니다. 충전기 및 배터리 비용 절감과 에너지 차익거래 기회를 통해 양방향 솔루션의 상업적 실현 가능성이 높아질 것으로 예상됩니다.
본 조사는 충전 유형(AC 충전 및 DC 충전), 적용 분야(V2G, V2H, V2L), 차량 유형(승용차 및 경차), 추진 방식(BEV 및 PHEV), 그리고 최종 용도(가정용, 상업용 차량, 공공/준공공 유틸리티 충전)별로 양방향 충전 시장을 다룹니다. 또한, 양방향 충전 시장 생태계의 주요 참여자들의 경쟁 환경과 기업 프로필도 살펴봅니다.
본 조사는 시장 주요 기업에 대한 심층적인 경쟁 분석과 함께 기업 프로필, 제품 및 사업 제안과 관련된 주요 관찰 결과, 최근 동향, 그리고 주요 시장 전략을 포함합니다. 본 보고서는 시장 선도 기업/신규 진입 기업이 전체 양방향 충전 시장 생태계와 하위 부문의 매출 수치에 가장 근접한 정보를 얻을 수 있도록 지원합니다. 이 보고서는 이해관계자들이 경쟁 환경을 이해하고, 사업의 입지를 강화하고 적절한 시장 진출 전략을 수립하는 데 필요한 통찰력을 얻는 데 도움이 될 것입니다. 또한, 이해관계자들이 시장의 흐름을 이해하고 주요 시장 동인, 제약, 과제, 그리고 기회에 대한 정보를 제공하는 데에도 도움이 될 것입니다.
보고서는 다음 사항에 대한 통찰력을 제공합니다.
양방향 충전 시장 성장에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인(양방향 충전식 차량 모델의 가용성 증가, 배출가스가 없고 안전한 전기 자동차에 대한 강력한 정부 지원, 배터리 비용 감소로 인한 EV 구매 용이성과 소유 경제성 강화), 제약 요인(양방향 충전식 차량 모델의 가용성 증가, 배출가스가 없고 안전한 전기 자동차에 대한 강력한 정부 지원), 기회(양방향 충전식 차량 모델의 가용성 증가, 배출가스가 없고 안전한 전기 자동차에 대한 강력한 정부 지원, 배터리 비용 감소로 인한 EV 구매 용이성과 소유 경제성 강화), 과제(글로벌 규제의 불일치와 분산된 인센티브 자격)에 대한 분석입니다.
- 제품 개발/혁신: 양방향 충전 시장의 향후 기술, 연구 개발 활동, 신제품 출시에 대한 자세한 분석
- 시장 개발: 수익성이 높은 시장에 대한 포괄적인 정보 – 이 보고서는 다양한 지역의 양방향 충전 시장을 분석합니다.
- 시장 다각화: 양방향 충전 시장의 신제품, 미개척 지역, 최근 개발 현황, 투자에 대한 포괄적인 정보
- 경쟁력 평가: Wallbox Chargers(스페인), NUVVE Holding Corp(미국), Siemens(독일), ABB(스위스), Zaptec AS(노르웨이)와 같은 주요 업체의 양방향 충전 시장 점유율, 성장 전략, 서비스 제공에 대한 심층 분석
- MnM 인사이트: 양방향 충전기 수요는 전기차 도입 증가, 전력망 안정성 요구, 재생 에너지와의 통합, 그리고 효율적인 에너지 흐름을 가능하게 하는 스마트 에너지 관리 및 인버터 기술의 발전에 의해 주도될 것입니다.
Report Description
The global bidirectional charging market is projected to rise from USD 70.0 million in 2025 to USD 844.1 million by 2035, at a CAGR of 28.3%. Demand for bidirectional charging is driven by lower energy costs, reliable home backup power, and enhanced grid stability. Vehicle-to-House capabilities allow EVs to feed energy back to homes, supporting peak load management. Once V2G adoption increases, consumers are expected to see potential savings through energy arbitrage and backup power. Regulatory incentives and smart grid initiatives will further accelerate adoption.
Key technology developments that drive bidirectional charging demand include advanced power electronics for efficient energy flow, high-capacity and fast-charging EV batteries, and smart energy management systems for real-time grid interaction. Standardized communication protocols between vehicles and the grid are emerging, enabling seamless integration. Improved inverter technology reduces losses during energy export. Key advanced electronics include high-efficiency bidirectional DC-DC converters and inverters that manage seamless two-way power flow, supported by smart control systems for grid synchronization and energy optimization. Cost reductions in chargers and batteries, along with energy arbitrage opportunities, are expected to make bidirectional solutions commercially viable.
“V2L application is set to account for the largest segment during the forecast period.”
V2L is the most accessible form of bidirectional charging and has gained rapid traction because it requires the least infrastructure and enables straightforward use cases like powering external electrical appliances. Several passenger cars already have this functionality as standard, especially from Chinese and Korean OEMs. BYD Dolphin, Atto 3, and MG4 are equipped with V2L ports, often included across even mid-level trims. The Hyundai Ioniq 5 and Genesis GV60 are well-known global models providing V2L for convenience. Premium OEMs such as Leapmotor and Lucid Motors also provide this feature across their offerings. Other OEMs plan to provide this as a base feature, starting with some top trims of their bestselling EVs.
“OEM innovation to drive bidirectional EV charging market growth.”
Leading OEMs such as Ford, GM, Tesla, Hyundai, Kia, and Volkswagen are significantly driving the bidirectional charging market in North America through the introduction of advanced EV models equipped with V2H and V2G capabilities. GM’s Silverado, Tesla’s Cybertruck, and Ford’s F-Series provide V2H functionality in their higher trims, allowing owners to use their vehicles as home backup power sources during outages. These OEMs are also expanding plans to integrate V2G capabilities, enabling consumer and fleet vehicles to participate in grid services that support demand response, frequency regulation, and energy trading, ultimately reducing operating costs for owners.
Hyundai and Kia enhance the market with models like the Ioniq 5 and EV6, which include V2L features that increase EV utility by enabling energy supply to external devices, advancing consumer convenience and energy resilience. Strategic partnerships between OEMs, utility companies, and technology providers foster optimized bidirectional charging infrastructure, further accelerating adoption. This multi-stakeholder collaboration, coupled with strong OEM model availability and growing consumer interest in energy-flexible solutions, positions North America as a leading region for bidirectional charging technology expansion and grid integration benefits.
- By Company Type: OEMs – 50%, Tier I – 40%, Others – 10%
- By Designation: CXOs – 30%, Managers – 55%, Executives – 15%
- By Region: North America – 25%, Europe – 30%, Asia Pacific – 45%
The bidirectional charging market is primarily dominated by globally recognized players: Wallbox Chargers (Spain), NUVVE Holding Corp (US), Siemens (Germany), ABB (Switzerland), and Zaptec AS (Norway). They offer a wide range of bidirectional charging solutions, backed by substantial investments in R&D to innovate and expand their product offerings.
Research Coverage:
The study covers the bidirectional charging market by charging type (AC charging and DC charging), application (V2G, V2H, V2L), vehicle type (passenger cars and LCVs), propulsion (BEV and PHEV), and end use (residential, commercial fleets, and public/semi-public utility charging). It also covers the competitive landscape and company profiles of the major players in the bidirectional charging market ecosystem.
Key Benefits of the Report
The study also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of the key players in the market, along with their company profiles, key observations related to product and business offerings, recent developments, and key market strategies.
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall bidirectional charging market ecosystem and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the market pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
The report provides insights into the following points:
- Analysis of key drivers (growing availability of bidirectional chargeable vehicle models, strong governmental support for emission-free and safe electric vehicles, declining battery costs strengthen EV affordability and ownership economies), restraints (growing availability of bidirectional chargeable vehicle models, strong governmental support for emission-free and safe electric vehicles), opportunities (growing availability of bidirectional chargeable vehicle models, strong governmental support for emission-free and safe electric vehicles, declining battery costs strengthen EV affordability and ownership economies), and challenges (global regulatory inconsistencies and fragmented incentive qualification) influencing the growth of bidirectional charging market.
- Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the bidirectional charging market.
- Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets–the report analyzes the bidirectional charging market across varied regions
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the bidirectional charging market
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players like Wallbox Chargers (Spain), NUVVE Holding Corp (US), Siemens (Germany), ABB (Switzerland), and Zaptec AS (Norway) in the bidirectional charging market
- MnM Insights: Bidirectional charger demand will be driven by rising EV adoption, grid stability needs, and integration with renewable energy, along with advances in smart energy management and inverter technology, which will enable efficient energy flow
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 27
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 27
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 28
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 30
1.3 STUDY SCOPE 31
1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE 31
1.3.2 YEARS CONSIDERED 31
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 32
1.5 UNITS CONSIDERED 32
1.6 STAKEHOLDERS 32
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 33
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 35
2.1.1.1 List of secondary sources 35
2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources 36
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 37
2.1.2.1 Primary interviews from demand and supply sides 37
2.1.2.2 Breakdown of primary interviews 37
2.1.2.3 List of primary interview participants 38
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 39
2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 40
2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 41
2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION 42
2.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS 43
2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 44
2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 45
2.7 RISK ASSESSMENT 45
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 46
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 50
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET 50
4.2 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 50
4.3 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, APPLICATION 51
4.4 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE 51
4.5 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION 52
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 53
5.1 INTRODUCTION 53
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 53
5.2.1 DRIVERS 54
5.2.1.1 Growing availability of bidirectional chargeable vehicle models 54
5.2.1.2 Strong government support for electric vehicles 55
5.2.1.3 Declining battery costs strengthening electric vehicle affordability and ownership economics 57
5.2.1.4 Grid stability achieved due to intelligent bidirectional charging deployment 58
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 58
5.2.2.1 High cost and complexity of integrating in-vehicle charger systems 58
5.2.2.2 Limited home charging suitability 59
5.2.2.3 Electric vehicle resale values and accelerated depreciation impacting buyer confidence 60
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 60
5.2.3.1 Integration of bidirectional charging with automated smart parking systems 60
5.2.3.2 Fleet electrification and car-sharing platforms to increase deployment 61
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 61
5.2.4.1 Regulatory inconsistencies and fragmented incentive qualification 61
6 INDUSTRY TRENDS 63
6.1 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 63
6.1.1 INTRODUCTION 63
6.1.2 GDP TRENDS AND FORECAST 63
6.1.3 TRENDS IN GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING INDUSTRY 64
6.1.4 TRENDS IN GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE & TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY 65
6.2 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 65
6.2.1 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING SYSTEM PROVIDERS 65
6.2.2 OEMS 66
6.2.3 CHARGING STATION SERVICE PROVIDERS 66
6.2.4 END USERS 66
6.3 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 67
6.4 EMERGING BUSINESS MODELS IN BIDIRECTIONAL SERVICES 68
6.4.1 NEW MONETIZATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR OEMS, BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGER PROVIDERS, AND UTILITIES 68
6.4.2 SUBSCRIPTION-BASED ENERGY SERVICES 69
6.5 REGIONAL-LEVEL READINESS INDEX FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING 71
6.5.1 ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELS AVAILABLE WITH BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING FEATURE, BY REGION 71
6.5.2 ENERGY FLOW MONITORING ANALYSIS BY KEY MODELS 72
6.6 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 73
6.7 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE READINESS INDEX 73
6.8 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING OEM ADOPTION DETAILS 74
6.9 PRICING ANALYSIS 76
6.9.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY KEY PLAYERS, 2024 76
6.9.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 77
6.9.3 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION, 2022–2024 78
6.10 TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 79
6.11 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO 79
6.12 TRADE ANALYSIS 81
6.12.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 8504) 81
6.12.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 8504) 82
6.13 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025–2026 84
6.14 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 85
6.14.1 WHITE PLAINS, NEW YORK, US: ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUSES WITH BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING 85
6.14.2 CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA: ELECTRIC VEHICLES AS EMERGENCY BACKUP POWER 85
6.14.3 VIRGINIA, US: DOMINION ENERGY ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUS PROGRAM 86
6.14.4 HEVO & VEHYA: INSTALLATION PARTNERSHIP FOR WIRELESS ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING SOLUTIONS 86
6.15 MNM INSIGHTS ON ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY REQUIREMENTS FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGERS 87
6.15.1 BMS REQUIREMENTS FOR CHARGING AND DISCHARGING CYCLES 87
6.15.2 REQUIREMENT FOR BATTERIES WITH HIGHER THERMAL STABILITY 87
6.15.3 IMPACT ON ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY LIFE CYCLE 88
7 STRATEGIC DISRUPTION THROUGH TECHNOLOGY, PATENTS, DIGITAL,
AND AI ADOPTION 90
7.1 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 90
7.1.1 INTRODUCTION 90
7.1.2 KEY EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 90
7.1.2.1 Peer-to-Peer Energy Sharing: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging 90
7.1.2.2 Smart Urban Power Nodes: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Charging 91
7.1.2.3 Wireless Bidirectional Charging (W-V2X) 92
7.1.3 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES 93
7.1.3.1 Software-defined Vehicles as Energy Gateways 93
7.1.3.2 Cloud-based Energy Orchestration Platforms 93
7.1.4 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES 94
7.1.4.1 Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Integration 94
7.1.4.2 Smart Charging and Load Management 94
7.1.4.3 Energy Management Platforms 94
7.2 TECHNOLOGY/PRODUCT ROADMAP 94
7.3 PATENT ANALYSIS 95
7.3.1 INTRODUCTION 95
7.3.1.1 Methodology 95
7.3.1.2 Document type 95
7.3.1.3 Insights 96
7.3.1.4 Legal status of patents 97
7.3.1.5 Jurisdiction analysis 97
7.3.1.6 Top applicants 98
7.3.1.7 List of patents 98
7.4 FUTURE APPLICATIONS 100
7.4.1 DISASTER-RESILIENT POWER BACKUP WITH BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING 100
7.4.2 SMART CITIES AS ENERGY-INTEGRATED MOBILITY ECOSYSTEM 101
7.5 IMPACT OF AI/GEN AI ON BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET 101
7.5.1 TOP USE CASES AND MARKET POTENTIAL: AI-DRIVEN DYNAMIC ENERGY FORECASTING 101
7.5.2 ACCELERATED V2X TECHNOLOGY DESIGN AND SIMULATION 102
7.5.3 ENHANCED CYBERSECURITY AND FRAUD DETECTION 102
7.6 SUCCESS STORIES AND REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS 103
7.6.1 UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS: WE DRIVE SOLAR V2G CAR-SHARING 103
7.6.2 OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA, US: ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUSES WITH V2G 103
8 SUSTAINABILITY AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 104
8.1 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 104
8.1.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,
AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 104
8.1.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES, BY KEY COUNTRIES 106
8.1.2.1 Germany 106
8.1.2.2 France 107
8.1.2.3 UK 108
8.1.2.4 China 109
8.1.2.5 US 109
8.2 FUNDING BY USE CASE APPLICATION 110
8.2.1 INDUSTRY STANDARDS 112
8.3 SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES 112
8.3.1 PROMOTING RENEWABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION THROUGH V2H
AND V2G INTEGRATION 112
8.3.2 ENABLING GRID STABILITY AND LOAD MANAGEMENT WITH V2G PILOTS 113
8.3.3 EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE AND REDUCING WASTE THROUGH SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT 113
8.4 CERTIFICATIONS, LABELING, AND ECO-STANDARDS 113
9 CUSTOMER LANDSCAPE AND BUYER BEHAVIOR 115
9.1 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS 115
9.2 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 115
9.2.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 116
9.2.2 BUYING CRITERIA 117
9.3 ADOPTION BARRIERS AND INTERNAL CHALLENGES 118
9.3.1 HIGH COST AND COMPLEX INSTALLATION 118
9.3.2 COMPATIBILITY WITH EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE 119
9.3.3 BATTERY DEGRADATION AND MAINTENANCE 119
9.3.4 LACK OF UNIFIED STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS 119
9.3.5 INTEROPERABILITY AND CYBERSECURITY ISSUES 119
9.3.6 UNDEFINED BUSINESS MODELS AND INCENTIVES 119
9.4 UNMET NEEDS FROM VARIOUS END-USE INDUSTRIES 119
9.5 MARKET PROFITABILITY 120
9.5.1 REVENUE POTENTIAL 120
9.5.2 COST DYNAMICS 121
9.5.3 MARGIN OPPORTUNITIES BY APPLICATION 121
10 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE 122
10.1 INTRODUCTION 123
10.2 AC BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING 124
10.2.1 GROWING VEHICLE COMPATIBILITY TO DRIVE WIDER ADOPTION OF AC BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING FOR HOME AND GRID APPLICATIONS 124
10.3 DC BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING 127
10.3.1 SUITABLE FOR COMMERCIAL FLEETS, DEPOTS, AND HIGH-POWER RESIDENTIAL OR MICROGRID SETTINGS 127
10.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 128
11 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE 129
11.1 INTRODUCTION 130
11.2 BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE (BEV) 131
11.2.1 LARGER BATTERY CAPACITY AND FULL ELECTRIFICATION OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES TO DRIVE MARKET 131
11.3 PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PHEV) 133
11.3.1 RISING POPULARITY OF LUXURY PHEVS TO DRIVE GROWTH 133
11.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 133
12 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 134
12.1 INTRODUCTION 135
12.2 PASSENGER CAR 136
12.2.1 V2L TO BE ATTRACTIVE OFFERINGS FOR PASSENGER CAR SEGMENT DUE TO INCREASED USER CONVENIENCE 136
12.3 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE 138
12.3.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR V2H IN ELECTRIC PICKUP TRUCKS IN US
AND VANS IN EUROPE TO DRIVE MARKET 138
12.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 139
13 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION 140
13.1 INTRODUCTION 141
13.2 VEHICLE-TO-LOAD (V2L) 142
13.2.1 LOW INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS TO DRIVE DEMAND 142
13.3 VEHICLE-TO-HOME (V2H) + VEHICLE-TO-LOAD (V2L) 144
13.3.1 ABILITY TO PROVIDE RELIABLE EMERGENCY BACKUP DURING GRID OUTAGES TO DRIVE DEMAND 144
13.4 VEHICLE-TO-GRID (V2G) + VEHICLE-TO-HOME (V2H) + VEHICLE-TO-LOAD (V2L) 145
13.4.1 ABILITY TO OFFER BROADEST VALUE PROPOSITION TO DRIVE GROWTH 145
13.5 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 146
14 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY END USE 147
14.1 INTRODUCTION 147
14.2 RESIDENTIAL 147
14.3 COMMERCIAL FLEETS 148
14.4 PUBLIC/SEMI-PUBLIC UTILITY CHARGING 148
15 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION 149
15.1 INTRODUCTION 150
15.2 ASIA PACIFIC 152
15.2.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK 154
15.2.2 CHINA 157
15.2.2.1 Government-backed large-scale pilots and initiatives promoting energy security to drive growth 157
15.2.3 INDIA 158
15.2.3.1 Growth of V2L adoption to drive growth 158
15.2.4 JAPAN 160
15.2.4.1 Government-backed V2G pilots aligning with national energy strategy to drive growth 160
15.2.5 SOUTH KOREA 161
15.2.5.1 Development of supportive ecosystem for broader bidirectional use to drive growth 161
15.3 EUROPE 163
15.3.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK 165
15.3.2 FRANCE 168
15.3.2.1 Smart grid investment and cross-sector partnerships to drive growth 168
15.3.3 ITALY 170
15.3.3.1 Cross-sector collaboration and renewable integration to drive growth 170
15.3.4 GERMANY 172
15.3.4.1 Consumer acceptance and renewable energy integration to drive growth 172
15.3.5 SPAIN 173
15.3.5.1 Strategic collaborations between energy firms, technology companies, and city authorities to drive market 173
15.3.6 UK 175
15.3.6.1 Integration of advanced smart charging platforms with V2G hardware to drive market 175
15.4 NORTH AMERICA 177
15.4.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK 179
15.4.2 CANADA 181
15.4.2.1 Government support for electric vehicles and OEM plans to provide V2H and V2L to drive market 181
15.4.3 US 183
15.4.3.1 OEM support for V2H and growing demand for V2L due to user convenience to drive market 183
16 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 185
16.1 INTRODUCTION 185
16.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN 185
16.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2024 188
16.4 REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2020–2024 189
16.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS 189
16.5.1 COMPANY VALUATION 189
16.5.2 FINANCIAL METRICS 190
16.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON 191
16.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024 192
16.7.1 STARS 192
16.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS 192
16.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 192
16.7.4 PARTICIPANTS 192
16.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT KEY PLAYERS, 2024 194
16.7.5.1 Company footprint 194
16.7.5.2 Region footprint 195
16.7.5.3 Charging type footprint 195
16.7.5.4 Application footprint 196
16.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024 196
16.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 196
16.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 196
16.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 197
16.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS 197
16.9 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 198
16.9.1 LIST OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES 198
16.9.2 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES 199
16.10 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 199
16.10.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 199
16.10.2 DEALS 200
16.10.3 EXPANSIONS 204
16.10.4 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS 205
17 COMPANY PROFILES 206
17.1 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGER PROVIDERS 206
17.1.1 WALLBOX CHARGERS 206
17.1.1.1 Business overview 206
17.1.1.2 Products offered 207
17.1.1.3 Recent developments 208
17.1.1.3.1 Product launches 208
17.1.1.3.2 Deals 208
17.1.1.4 MnM view 209
17.1.1.4.1 Key strengths 209
17.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices 209
17.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 209
17.1.2 NUVVE HOLDING CORP. 210
17.1.2.1 Business overview 210
17.1.2.2 Products offered 210
17.1.2.3 Recent developments 211
17.1.2.3.1 Product launches 211
17.1.2.3.2 Deals 211
17.1.2.3.3 Expansions 211
17.1.2.3.4 Others 212
17.1.2.4 MnM view 212
17.1.2.4.1 Key strengths 212
17.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices 212
17.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 213
17.1.3 SIEMENS 214
17.1.3.1 Business overview 214
17.1.3.2 Products offered 215
17.1.3.3 Recent developments 215
17.1.3.3.1 Product developments 215
17.1.3.3.2 Deals 216
17.1.3.4 MnM view 216
17.1.3.4.1 Key strengths 216
17.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices 216
17.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 216
17.1.4 ABB 217
17.1.4.1 Business overview 217
17.1.4.2 Products offered 218
17.1.4.3 Recent developments 218
17.1.4.3.1 Deals 218
17.1.4.3.2 Expansions 218
17.1.4.3.3 Others 219
17.1.4.4 MnM view 219
17.1.4.4.1 Key strengths 219
17.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices 219
17.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 219
17.1.5 ZAPTEC AS 220
17.1.5.1 Business overview 220
17.1.5.2 Products offered 221
17.1.5.3 Recent developments 221
17.1.5.3.1 Product launches/developments 221
17.1.5.3.2 Deals 222
17.1.5.4 MnM view 222
17.1.5.4.1 Key strengths 222
17.1.5.4.2 Strategic choices 222
17.1.5.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 222
17.1.6 IOTECHA 223
17.1.6.1 Business overview 223
17.1.6.2 Products offered 223
17.1.6.3 Recent developments 224
17.1.6.3.1 Deals 224
17.1.6.3.2 Others 225
17.1.7 ENPHASE ENERGY 226
17.1.7.1 Business overview 226
17.1.7.2 Products offered 226
17.1.7.3 Recent developments 227
17.1.7.3.1 Product developments 227
17.1.7.3.2 Deals 227
17.1.8 GISMOPOWER 228
17.1.8.1 Business overview 228
17.1.8.2 Products offered 228
17.1.8.3 Recent developments 228
17.1.8.3.1 Others 228
17.2 OEMS 229
17.2.1 TESLA 229
17.2.1.1 Business overview 229
17.2.1.2 Products offered 230
17.2.1.3 Recent developments 230
17.2.1.3.1 Product developments 230
17.2.1.3.2 Others 230
17.2.2 GENERAL MOTORS 231
17.2.2.1 Business overview 231
17.2.2.2 Products offered 232
17.2.2.3 Recent developments 232
17.2.2.3.1 Product launches/developments 232
17.2.2.3.2 Deals 233
17.2.2.3.3 Others 234
17.2.3 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY 235
17.2.3.1 Business overview 235
17.2.3.2 Products offered 236
17.2.3.3 Recent developments 236
17.2.3.3.1 Product launches 236
17.2.3.3.2 Deals 237
17.2.3.3.3 Others 237
17.2.4 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD. 238
17.2.4.1 Business overview 238
17.2.4.2 Products offered 239
17.2.4.3 Recent developments 239
17.2.4.3.1 Deals 239
17.2.4.3.2 Others 239
17.2.5 BYD COMPANY LTD 240
17.2.5.1 Business overview 240
17.2.5.2 Products offered 241
17.2.5.3 Recent developments 241
17.2.5.3.1 Deals 241
17.2.6 MG MOTOR 242
17.2.6.1 Business overview 242
17.2.6.2 Products offered 242
17.2.6.3 Recent developments 243
17.2.6.3.1 Deals 243
17.2.6.3.2 Others 243
17.2.7 FORD MOTOR COMPANY 244
17.2.7.1 Business overview 244
17.2.7.2 Products offered 245
17.2.7.3 Recent developments 245
17.2.7.3.1 Deals 245
17.3 OTHER KEY PLAYERS 246
17.3.1 OSSIACO 246
17.3.2 FERMATA ENERGY 246
17.3.3 CHARGETRONIX, INC. 247
17.3.4 ZENION 247
17.3.5 THE MOBILITY HOUSE GMBH 248
17.3.6 SWITCH EV 249
17.3.7 CHARGESCAPE INC. 249
17.3.8 INDRA SISTEMAS S.A. 250
17.3.9 EVBOX 251
17.3.10 CHARGEPOINT, INC. 251
17.3.11 HELIOX ENERGY 252
18 RECOMMENDATIONS BY MARKETSANDMARKETS 253
18.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OEMS 253
18.1.1 ASIA PACIFIC TO BE KEY MARKET FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING,
WITH GROWING LUXURY ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEMAND IN CHINA 253
18.1.2 LEVERAGING CONSUMER MOMENTUM IN V2L AS CATALYST TO ACCELERATE V2H AND V2G ADOPTION 253
18.1.3 LOWER COSTS AND HOME INTEGRATION DRIVING AC BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING UPTAKE 254
18.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGER PROVIDERS 255
18.2.1 DEVELOPING UTILITY PARTNERSHIPS FOR V2G PILOT PROGRAMS 255
18.2.2 ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLATFORMS EMPOWER V2G, V2H, AND V2L ADOPTION AND UNLOCK RECURRING REVENUE OPPORTUNITIES 255
18.2.3 STANDARDS COMPLIANCE DRIVES INTEROPERABILITY AND ACCELERATES BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING ADOPTION 255
18.3 CONCLUSION 256
19 APPENDIX 257
19.1 KEY INSIGHTS OF INDUSTRY EXPERTS 257
19.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 257
19.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 260
19.4 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 262
19.4.1 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGER PLUG TYPE AT REGIONAL LEVEL 262
19.4.2 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE BODY TYPE AT REGIONAL LEVEL 262
19.5 RELATED REPORTS 262
19.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 263
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 MARKET DEFINITION, BY CHARGING TYPE 28
TABLE 2 MARKET DEFINITION, BY VEHICLE TYPE 28
TABLE 3 MARKET DEFINITION, BY PROPULSION TYPE 29
TABLE 4 MARKET DEFINITION, BY APPLICATION 29
TABLE 5 MARKET DEFINITION, BY END USE 30
TABLE 6 USD EXCHANGE RATES, 2021–2025 32
TABLE 7 GLOBAL ADOPTION OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING-ENABLED VEHICLES,
2019–2024 54
TABLE 8 IMPACT OF MARKET DYNAMICS 62
TABLE 9 GDP PERCENTAGE CHANGE, BY KEY COUNTRY, 2021–2030 63
TABLE 10 ROLE OF COMPANIES IN ECOSYSTEM 66
TABLE 11 MONETIZATION SCENARIOS AND BENEFICIARIES IN BIDIRECTIONAL
CHARGING ECOSYSTEM 69
TABLE 12 BIDIRECTIONAL-READY MODELS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS 71
TABLE 13 EVOLUTION OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING 72
TABLE 14 GLOBAL STANDARDS ENABLING BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING AND INTEROPERABILITY 73
TABLE 15 COMPARATIVE READINESS OF REGIONS FOR BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC
VEHICLE CHARGING 74
TABLE 16 ADOPTION OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING BY OEMS 75
TABLE 17 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY KEY PLAYERS, 2024 (USD) 76
TABLE 18 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD) 77
TABLE 19 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD) 78
TABLE 20 LIST OF FUNDING, 2023–2024 80
TABLE 21 IMPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 8504-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS,
BY COUNTRY, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION) 82
TABLE 22 EXPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 8504-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS,
BY COUNTRY, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION) 83
TABLE 23 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: KEY CONFERENCES
AND EVENTS, 2025–2026 84
TABLE 24 ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUSES: GRID SUPPORT AND OPTIMIZED FLEET UTILIZATION 85
TABLE 25 EMERGENCY GRID STABILIZATION VIA RAPID-RESPONSE V2G ELECTRIC VEHICLE AGGREGATION 85
TABLE 26 LARGE-SCALE V2G SCHOOL BUS DEPLOYMENT FOR GRID STABILITY 86
TABLE 27 COMMERCIAL V2G FLEET AGGREGATION FOR FREQUENCY
REGULATION IN DENMARK 86
TABLE 28 COMPARISON OF BIDIRECTIONAL SUPPORTED ELECTRIC VEHICLES
AND BATTERY THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 88
TABLE 29 LIST OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE (V2V) 91
TABLE 30 LIST OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH VEHICLE-TO-INFRASTRUCTURE (V2I) 91
TABLE 31 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: TOTAL NUMBER OF PATENTS,
JANUARY 2014–DECEMBER 2024 96
TABLE 32 IMPORTANT PATENT REGISTRATIONS RELATED TO BIDIRECTIONAL
CHARGING MARKET 98
TABLE 33 NORTH AMERICA: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,
AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 104
TABLE 34 EUROPE: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,
AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 105
TABLE 35 ASIA PACIFIC: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,
AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 106
TABLE 36 GERMANY: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES 106
TABLE 37 GERMANY: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES 107
TABLE 38 FRANCE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES 107
TABLE 39 FRANCE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES 108
TABLE 40 UK: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES 108
TABLE 41 UK: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES 109
TABLE 42 CHINA: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES 109
TABLE 43 CHINA: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES 109
TABLE 44 US: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES 110
TABLE 45 US: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES 110
TABLE 46 FUNDING BY USE CASE APPLICATION 110
TABLE 47 GLOBAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET 112
TABLE 48 CERTIFICATIONS, LABELING, AND ECO-STANDARDS IN BIDIRECTIONAL
CHARGING MARKET 113
TABLE 49 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION 116
TABLE 50 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGERS, BY APPLICATION 117
TABLE 51 UNMET NEEDS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY END USERS 119
TABLE 52 TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES, ADVANTAGES, AND LIMITATIONS 123
TABLE 53 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 123
TABLE 54 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 124
TABLE 55 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE,
2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 124
TABLE 56 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 124
TABLE 57 AC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 125
TABLE 58 AC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 126
TABLE 59 AC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 60 AC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 61 DC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 128
TABLE 62 DC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 128
TABLE 63 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 130
TABLE 64 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 131
TABLE 65 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE,
2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 131
TABLE 66 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 131
TABLE 67 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES,
BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 132
TABLE 68 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 132
TABLE 69 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES,
BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 132
TABLE 70 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 132
TABLE 71 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 135
TABLE 72 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 135
TABLE 73 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 74 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 75 PASSENGER CAR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 136
TABLE 76 PASSENGER CAR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 137
TABLE 77 PASSENGER CAR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 137
TABLE 78 PASSENGER CAR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 137
TABLE 79 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 138
TABLE 80 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 138
TABLE 81 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 138
TABLE 82 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 139
TABLE 83 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 141
TABLE 84 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 142
TABLE 85 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 86 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 87 V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 143
TABLE 88 V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 143
TABLE 89 V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 143
TABLE 90 V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 143
TABLE 91 V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 144
TABLE 92 V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 144
TABLE 93 V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,
2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 94 V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 95 V2G + V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 146
TABLE 96 V2G + V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 146
TABLE 97 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 150
TABLE 98 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 151
TABLE 99 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 100 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 101 ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 153
TABLE 102 ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 153
TABLE 103 ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 153
TABLE 104 ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 154
TABLE 105 CHINA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 157
TABLE 106 CHINA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 157
TABLE 107 CHINA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 158
TABLE 108 CHINA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 158
TABLE 109 INDIA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 159
TABLE 110 INDIA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 159
TABLE 111 INDIA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 159
TABLE 112 INDIA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 159
TABLE 113 JAPAN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 160
TABLE 114 JAPAN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 160
TABLE 115 SOUTH KOREA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 161
TABLE 116 SOUTH KOREA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 162
TABLE 117 SOUTH KOREA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 162
TABLE 118 SOUTH KOREA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 162
TABLE 119 EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 164
TABLE 120 EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 164
TABLE 121 EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 122 EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 165
TABLE 123 FRANCE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 169
TABLE 124 FRANCE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 169
TABLE 125 FRANCE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 170
TABLE 126 FRANCE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 170
TABLE 127 ITALY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 171
TABLE 128 ITALY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 171
TABLE 129 ITALY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 171
TABLE 130 ITALY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 171
TABLE 131 GERMANY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 172
TABLE 132 GERMANY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 172
TABLE 133 GERMANY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 173
TABLE 134 GERMANY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 173
TABLE 135 SPAIN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 174
TABLE 136 SPAIN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 174
TABLE 137 SPAIN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 174
TABLE 138 SPAIN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 174
TABLE 139 UK: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 175
TABLE 140 UK: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 176
TABLE 141 UK: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 176
TABLE 142 UK: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 176
TABLE 143 NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 178
TABLE 144 NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 178
TABLE 145 NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 178
TABLE 146 NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 178
TABLE 147 CANADA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 181
TABLE 148 CANADA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 182
TABLE 149 CANADA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 182
TABLE 150 CANADA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 182
TABLE 151 US: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS) 183
TABLE 152 US: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 183
TABLE 153 US: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2022–2024 (USD MILLION) 183
TABLE 154 US: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 184
TABLE 155 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN, JANUARY 2021–SEPTEMBER 2025 185
TABLE 156 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: DEGREE OF COMPETITION, 2024 188
TABLE 157 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: REGION FOOTPRINT 195
TABLE 158 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: CHARGING TYPE FOOTPRINT 195
TABLE 159 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: APPLICATION FOOTPRINT 196
TABLE 160 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: LIST OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES 198
TABLE 161 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING
OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES 199
TABLE 162 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: PRODUCT LAUNCHES,
AUGUST 2021–JUNE 2025 200
TABLE 163 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: DEALS, OCTOBER 2020–JUNE 2025 200
TABLE 164 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: EXPANSIONS,
NOVEMBER 2024–MARCH 2025 204
TABLE 165 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: OTHER DEVELOPMENTS,
AUGUST 2023–JUNE 2025 205
TABLE 166 WALLBOX CHARGERS: COMPANY OVERVIEW 206
TABLE 167 WALLBOX CHARGERS: PRODUCTS OFFERED 207
TABLE 168 WALLBOX CHARGERS: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 208
TABLE 169 WALLBOX CHARGERS: DEALS 208
TABLE 170 NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 210
TABLE 171 NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: PRODUCTS OFFERED 210
TABLE 172 NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 211
TABLE 173 NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: DEALS 211
TABLE 174 NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: EXPANSIONS 211
TABLE 175 NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: OTHERS 212
TABLE 176 SIEMENS: COMPANY OVERVIEW 214
TABLE 177 SIEMENS: PRODUCTS OFFERED 215
TABLE 178 SIEMENS: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 215
TABLE 179 SIEMENS: DEALS 216
TABLE 180 ABB: COMPANY OVERVIEW 217
TABLE 181 ABB: PRODUCTS OFFERED 218
TABLE 182 ABB: DEALS 218
TABLE 183 ABB: EXPANSIONS 218
TABLE 184 ABB: OTHERS 219
TABLE 185 ZAPTEC AS: COMPANY OVERVIEW 220
TABLE 186 ZAPTEC AS: PRODUCTS OFFERED 221
TABLE 187 ZAPTEC AS: PRODUCT LAUNCHES/DEVELOPMENTS 221
TABLE 188 ZAPTEC AS: DEALS 222
TABLE 189 IOTECHA: COMPANY OVERVIEW 223
TABLE 190 IOTECHA: PRODUCTS OFFERED 223
TABLE 191 IOTECHA: DEALS 224
TABLE 192 IOTECHA: OTHERS 225
TABLE 193 ENPHASE ENERGY: COMPANY OVERVIEW 226
TABLE 194 ENPHASE ENERGY: PRODUCTS OFFERED 226
TABLE 195 ENPHASE ENERGY: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 227
TABLE 196 ENPHASE ENERGY: DEALS 227
TABLE 197 GISMOPOWER: COMPANY OVERVIEW 228
TABLE 198 GISMOPOWER: PRODUCTS OFFERED 228
TABLE 199 GISMOPOWER: OTHERS 228
TABLE 200 TESLA: COMPANY OVERVIEW 229
TABLE 201 TESLA: PRODUCTS OFFERED 230
TABLE 202 TESLA: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 230
TABLE 203 TESLA: OTHERS 230
TABLE 204 GENERAL MOTORS: COMPANY OVERVIEW 231
TABLE 205 GENERAL MOTORS: PRODUCTS OFFERED 232
TABLE 206 GENERAL MOTORS: PRODUCT LAUNCHES / DEVELOPMENTS 232
TABLE 207 GENERAL MOTORS: DEALS 233
TABLE 208 GENERAL MOTORS: OTHERS 234
TABLE 209 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: COMPANY OVERVIEW 235
TABLE 210 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: PRODUCTS OFFERED 236
TABLE 211 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 236
TABLE 212 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: DEALS 237
TABLE 213 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: OTHERS 237
TABLE 214 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 238
TABLE 215 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: PRODUCTS OFFERED 239
TABLE 216 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: DEALS 239
TABLE 217 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: OTHERS 239
TABLE 218 BYD COMPANY LIMITED: COMPANY OVERVIEW 240
TABLE 219 BYD COMPANY LIMITED: PRODUCTS OFFERED 241
TABLE 220 BYD COMPANY LIMITED: DEALS 241
TABLE 221 MG MOTOR: COMPANY OVERVIEW 242
TABLE 222 MG MOTOR: PRODUCTS OFFERED 242
TABLE 223 MG MOTOR: DEALS 243
TABLE 224 MG MOTOR: OTHERS 243
TABLE 225 FORD MOTOR COMPANY: COMPANY OVERVIEW 244
TABLE 226 FORD MOTOR COMPANY: PRODUCTS OFFERED 245
TABLE 227 FORD MOTOR COMPANY: DEALS 245
TABLE 228 OSSIACO: COMPANY OVERVIEW 246
TABLE 229 FERMATA ENERGY: COMPANY OVERVIEW 246
TABLE 230 CHARGETRONIX, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 247
TABLE 231 ZENION: COMPANY OVERVIEW 247
TABLE 232 THE MOBILITY HOUSE GMBH: COMPANY OVERVIEW 248
TABLE 233 SWITCH EV: COMPANY OVERVIEW 249
TABLE 234 CHARGESCAPE INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 249
TABLE 235 INDRA SISTEMAS S.A.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 250
TABLE 236 EVBOX: COMPANY OVERVIEW 251
TABLE 237 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 251
TABLE 238 HELIOX ENERGY: COMPANY OVERVIEW 252
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: MARKET SEGMENTATION 31
FIGURE 2 RESEARCH DESIGN 33
FIGURE 3 RESEARCH DESIGN MODEL 34
FIGURE 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING 40
FIGURE 5 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 41
FIGURE 6 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 41
FIGURE 7 DATA TRIANGULATION 42
FIGURE 8 FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR MARKET SIZING: DEMAND AND SUPPLY SIDES 43
FIGURE 9 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET OVERVIEW 47
FIGURE 10 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2035 48
FIGURE 11 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2025 VS. 2035 49
FIGURE 12 KEY PLAYERS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET 49
FIGURE 13 OPPORTUNITIES IN GRID FLEXIBILITY AND HOME POWER BACKUP
TO DRIVE MARKET 50
FIGURE 14 PASSENGER CAR SEGMENT TO LEAD MARKET IN 2035 50
FIGURE 15 V2L TO LEAD MARKET IN 2035 51
FIGURE 16 AC CHARGING SEGMENT TO LEAD MARKET IN 2035 51
FIGURE 17 ASIA PACIFIC TO DOMINATE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET IN 2024 52
FIGURE 18 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS,
OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES 53
FIGURE 19 SHIFT TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND TARGETS OF COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE 56
FIGURE 20 AI-ENABLED V2X BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING ECOSYSTEM 57
FIGURE 21 SYSTEM LAYOUT OF BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE 59
FIGURE 22 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET 65
FIGURE 23 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET 67
FIGURE 24 SUBSCRIPTION-BASED MODELS UNLOCK VALUE IN BIDIRECTIONAL EV CHARGING 70
FIGURE 25 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY KEY PLAYERS, 2024 (USD) 76
FIGURE 26 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD) 77
FIGURE 27 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD) 78
FIGURE 28 TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 79
FIGURE 29 INVESTMENT SCENARIO, 2020–2024 80
FIGURE 30 IMPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 8504-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS,
BY COUNTRY, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION) 81
FIGURE 31 EXPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 8504-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS,
BY COUNTRY, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION) 83
FIGURE 32 CAPACITY RETENTION UNDER CYCLE-AGING 89
FIGURE 33 HOW VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE (V2V) CHARGING WORKS 90
FIGURE 34 WIRELESS BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING 92
FIGURE 35 ROADMAP OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET 94
FIGURE 36 PATENT ANALYSIS, BY DOCUMENT TYPE, JANUARY 2014–DECEMBER 2024 96
FIGURE 37 PATENT PUBLICATION TRENDS, 2014−2024 96
FIGURE 38 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS,
JANUARY 2014–DECEMBER 2024 97
FIGURE 39 JURISDICTION OF US REGISTERED HIGHEST PERCENTAGE
OF PATENTS, 2014–2024 97
FIGURE 40 TOP PATENT APPLICANTS, JANUARY 2014–DECEMBER 2024 98
FIGURE 41 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION 116
FIGURE 42 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGERS, BY APPLICATION 117
FIGURE 43 ENERGY FLOW IN AC BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING CYCLE 125
FIGURE 44 DC BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING CYCLE 127
FIGURE 45 BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE VS. PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE 130
FIGURE 46 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2025 VS. 2035 (USD MILLION) 135
FIGURE 47 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,
2025 VS. 2035 (USD MILLION) 141
FIGURE 48 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING PROCESS FOR ADVANCED GRID APPLICATIONS 147
FIGURE 49 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025 VS. 2035 (USD MILLION) 150
FIGURE 50 ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET SNAPSHOT 152
FIGURE 51 ASIA PACIFIC: REAL GDP GROWTH RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026 155
FIGURE 52 ASIA PACIFIC: GDP PER CAPITA, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026 155
FIGURE 53 ASIA PACIFIC: INFLATION RATE AVERAGE CONSUMER PRICES,
BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026 155
FIGURE 54 ASIA PACIFIC: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY’S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, 2024 156
FIGURE 55 EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,
BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION) 163
FIGURE 56 EUROPE: REAL GDP GROWTH RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026 166
FIGURE 57 EUROPE: GDP PER CAPITA, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026 167
FIGURE 58 EUROPE: INFLATION RATE AVERAGE CONSUMER PRICES,
BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026 167
FIGURE 59 EUROPE: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY’S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, 2024 167
FIGURE 60 NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET SNAPSHOT 177
FIGURE 61 NORTH AMERICA: REAL GDP GROWTH RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026 180
FIGURE 62 NORTH AMERICA: GDP PER CAPITA, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026 180
FIGURE 63 NORTH AMERICA: CPI INFLATION RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026 180
FIGURE 64 NORTH AMERICA: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY’S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, 2024 181
FIGURE 65 MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING
MANUFACTURERS, 2024 187
FIGURE 66 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS OF TOP OEMS PROVIDING BIDIRECTIONAL
CHARGING FEATURE, 2024 188
FIGURE 67 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF KEY PLAYERS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION) 189
FIGURE 68 COMPANY VALUATION OF KEY PLAYERS, 2025 190
FIGURE 69 FINANCIAL METRICS OF KEY PLAYERS, 2025 190
FIGURE 70 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET 191
FIGURE 71 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX
(KEY PLAYERS), 2024 193
FIGURE 72 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: COMPANY FOOTPRINT 194
FIGURE 73 BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX (STARTUPS/SMES), 2024 197
FIGURE 74 WALLBOX CHARGERS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 207
FIGURE 75 NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 210
FIGURE 76 SIEMENS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 214
FIGURE 77 ABB: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 217
FIGURE 78 ZAPTEC AS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 220
FIGURE 79 TESLA: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 229
FIGURE 80 GENERAL MOTORS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 231
FIGURE 81 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 235
FIGURE 82 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 238
FIGURE 83 BYD COMPANY LIMITED: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 240
FIGURE 84 FORD MOTOR COMPANY: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 244
