Second Life EV Battery Market – Forecast to 2030
세컨드 라이프 EV 배터리 시장 – 애플리케이션(유틸리티 스케일, 상업/산업, 주택), EV 판매 동향, EV 배터리 수요 및 잠재적 전환율, 가치 사슬, 생태계 및 비즈니스 모델 분석, 지역별 – 2030년까지 예측
Second Life EV Battery Market by Application (Utility Scale, Commercial/Industrial, Residential), EV Sales Dynamics, EV Battery Demand & Potential Conversion Rate, Value Chain, Ecosystem & Business Model Analysis, and Region – Forecast to 2030
| 조사회사 | MarketsandMarkets |
| 출판년월 | 2025년8월 |
| 페이지 수 | 105 |
| 도표 수 | 94 |
| 라이센스 | Single User License |
| 가격 | USD 4,950 |
| 구성 | 영문조사보고서 |
본 보고서는 시장 생태계, 기술 로드맵, 가치 사슬 분석, 다양한 비즈니스 모델 및 수익원, 그리고 용도(공공시설 규모 그리드 서비스, 상업 및 산업, 주택)와 지역(아시아 태평양, 유럽, 북미)별 잠재적 설치 수요를 중심으로 중고 전기차 배터리 시장에 대한 심층 분석을 제공합니다. 전기차 판매 동향(승용차 및 상용차), 현재 및 미래의 전기차 배터리 수요(리튬 이온, 니켈 수소, 고체 배터리 및 기타 배터리 화학 물질), 그리고 다양한 배터리 화학 물질별 성능/비용 매트릭스, 그리고 중고 전기차 전환율에 대한 전기차 시장 침투율을 분석합니다. 또한, 이 보고서는 전기차 주식 상승의 영향을 평가하고 업계별 소비 패턴을 기반으로 미래 전망을 제시합니다. 전 세계 수요를 촉진하는 주요 요인과 주요 성장 동력에 대한 자세한 정보를 담고 있습니다. 주요 업계 기업에 대한 심층 분석을 통해 사업 개요, 제품 제공, 주요 전략, 계약, 파트너십, 협정, 제품 출시, 인수합병(M&A) 등에 대한 통찰력을 제공합니다.
이 보고서는 주요 글로벌 시장의 현재 및 향후 전기차 배터리 설치 용량에 대한 귀중한 정보를 제공합니다. 이해관계자들이 경쟁 환경을 이해하고, 사업을 더욱 효과적으로 포지셔닝하며, 적절한 시장 진출 전략을 수립하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다. 또한, 현재 시장 상황에 대한 통찰력을 제공하고, 업계 내 다양한 소유 모델과 수익 흐름을 강조합니다.
세컨드 라이프 EV 배터리 시장은 2025년에 약 25-30GWH로 추산되며, 예측 기간 동안 약 65%의 CAGR로 2030년에는 약 330-350GWH에 이를 것으로 예상됩니다. 2차 전지 EV 배터리 시장의 급속한 성장은 순환 경제 원칙과 에너지 안보를 촉진하기 위한 선제적이고 지원적인 규제 프레임워크, 산업 전략 및 기술 자금 지원에 의해 크게 촉진됩니다. EU 배터리 지침과 Horizon Europe와 같은 자금 지원 프로그램과 같은 이니셔티브는 배터리 재활용 인프라를 강화하고 유럽에서 명확한 수명 종료 표준을 설정하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 인플레이션 감소법에 따른 세액 공제 및 DOE 자금 지원 시범 프로젝트(미국)를 포함한 연방 인센티브와 아시아 국가에서 보조금과 야심찬 배터리 재활용 및 재사용 목표를 통한 공공-민간 파트너십 확대는 에너지 전환 목표를 지원하는 동시에 세컨드 라이프 EV 배터리 시장 수요를 가속화합니다.
The second life EV battery market is estimated at ~25-30 GWH in 2025 and is projected to reach ~330-350 GWH in 2030 at a CAGR of ~65% during the forecast period. The rapid growth of the second life EV battery market is significantly driven by proactive, supportive regulatory frameworks, industrial strategies, and technology funding to promote circular economy principles and energy security. Initiatives like the EU Battery Directive and funding programs like Horizon Europe are aimed at boosting battery repurposing infrastructure and setting clear end-of-life standards in Europe. Federal incentives, including tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act and DOE-funded pilot projects (US) and scaling public-private partnerships, with subsidies and ambitious battery recycling & reuse targets in Asian countries, support energy transition targets while accelerating the second life EV battery market demand.
The commercial & industrial segment is the second prominent application of second Life EV batteries.
The commercial & industrial application segment is expected to gain momentum for second life EV battery usage with the growing demand for backup power, demand charge reduction, EV charging stations, mobile & modular storage, and solar energy optimization in warehouses or data centers. Among these, EV charging stations represent this segment’s promising use case. EV batteries are left with 70-80% residual capacity and adaptability to medium-cycle demands, such as 50-150 cycles annually for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and microgrid stabilization, which support their usage for backup power and peak load management. Leading companies like Nissan, Renault, Tesla, Connected Energy (UK), and Enel X (Italy) are advancing second-life battery deployments in the C&I sector, often collaborating with utilities and technology partners. For example, Connected Energy has implemented systems at UK EV charging hubs, while Enel X pilots energy storage solutions at Italian airports. Other projects like Daimler’s 15 MW industrial storage system and Amazon’s deployment of second life EV batteries into logistics centers will contribute to the commitment toward their corporate sustainability goals. Furthermore, integrating these batteries with on-site solar or wind generation improves sustainability and cost-effectiveness by reducing reliance on grid power and minimizing the carbon footprint by 10-20% annually. Strategically, businesses can maximize economic benefits by co-locating storage and reuse facilities at high-power demand sites, enabling optimized energy management and cost savings.
Europe accounts for a significant market share of second life EV batteries.
Europe is one of the prominent markets for second-life EV batteries with a strong focus on the circular economy and a supportive regulatory environment. The region is home to global automotive OEMs and repurposing companies for EV batteries. Regional efforts such as integration of advanced renewable energy with a target to generate nearly 42% of electricity from these sources will drive demand for utility & grid-scale storage and industrial backups. In line with this, Renault launched an “advanced battery storage program” in 2018 using a combination of new and used EV batteries. It has an energy of 60 MWh battery and is installed in various parts across France and Germany, and is equipped to store electricity generated from renewable sources. Similar projects from other OEMs like Nissan, BMW, and Audi are aligned with Europe’s net-zero target by 2030. In addition, some of the promising European EV battery repurposers include Connected Energy (UK), Allye Energy (UK), Zenobē (UK), Voltfang (Germany), BeePlanet Factory (Spain), Libattion (Switzerland), and The Mobility House (Germany). These players are responsible for developing large-scale stationary storage using batteries from passenger cars, trucks & buses, and commercial fleets. Government support, such as USD 1.97 billion allocated through Horizon Europe for battery innovation, combined with corporate initiatives like Volkswagen’s plan to reuse 40 GWh of second-life batteries, is helping reduce entry barriers. Additionally, the region’s well-established recycling ecosystem, spearheaded by companies like Northvolt, contributes to the scalability of the market. In line with the strong pipeline of new entrants in the repurposed arena and the high-end project activity in Europe, this regional leadership is expected to remain instrumental in the long run.
Research Coverage:
The report provides an in-depth analysis of the second-life EV battery market, focusing on the market ecosystem, technology roadmap, value chain analysis, various business model & their revenue streams, and potential installation demand by application (utility-scale grid services, commercial & industrial, and residential) and region (Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America). It examines EV sales trends (passenger cars & commercial vehicles), current & futuristic EV battery demand (lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, solid-state, and other battery chemistries), and performance/cost matrix by different battery chemistries, and EV market penetration to second life conversion rates.
Additionally, the report assesses the effects of the rising EV stocks and presents a future outlook based on industry-wise consumption patterns. It includes detailed information about the significant factors boosting the global demand and key growth impetuses. A thorough analysis of key industry players provides insights into their business overviews, product offerings, key strategies, contracts, partnerships, agreements, product launches, mergers, and acquisitions.
Key Benefits of Buying this Report:
The report provides valuable information for current vs. projected second-life EV battery installation capabilities across key global markets. It will assist stakeholders in understanding the competitive landscape, positioning their businesses more effectively, and planning appropriate go-to-market strategies. Additionally, the report will offer insights into the current market conditions and highlight different ownership models & their revenue profit streams within the industry.
The report provides insights into the following points:
- Analysis of critical technology roadmap parameters such as battery assessment & testing approaches, cell-level & algorithm-based battery management system, various system integration techniques, and software platform strategies
- Market Development: Comprehensive market information (the report analyzes & recommends the most dominant application demand across the considered regions under the scope)
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about strategic collaborations, potential geography expansion, recent projections & their capacity, and investments in the second-life EV battery industry
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and product/technology offerings of leading OEMs & battery storage specialists such as Tesla, Volvo, Toyota Motor Corporation, BMW Group, Nissan Motor Corporation, Connected Energy, B2U Storage solutions, and Rejoule
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 12
1.1 GLOBAL SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 12
1.1.1 MAJOR DEMAND ZONES AND APPLICATIONS FOR SECOND LIFE
EV BATTERIES 12
1.2 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY MARKET DEFINITION & CONCEPT 13
1.3 INDUSTRY ECOSYSTEM 14
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15
2.1 REPORT SUMMARY 15
3 MARKET ASSESSMENT 18
3.1 INTRODUCTION 18
3.2 MARKET SIZING & GROWTH TRAJECTORY 18
3.2.1 BATTERY EV SALES & FORECASTS 18
3.2.1.1 Electric passenger car sales & forecast 18
3.2.1.2 Electric commercial vehicle sales & forecast 19
3.2.2 EV BATTERY MARKET DEMAND & FORECAST 21
3.2.2.1 EV battery market, by battery chemistry,
2024 vs. 2035 (Thousand Units) 21
3.2.2.2 Upcoming EV models and their battery chemistries, 2025–2026 23
3.2.2.3 Regional demand patterns for EV batteries 24
3.2.2.3.1 Asia Pacific 24
3.2.2.3.1.1 Asia Pacific: Cell supplier-wise battery demand,
2022–2024 (Megawatt-hour) 25
3.2.2.3.2 Europe 25
3.2.2.3.2.1 Europe: Cell supplier-wise battery demand,
2022–2024 (Megawatt-hour) 26
3.2.2.3.3 North America 26
3.2.2.3.3.1 North America: Cell supplier-wise battery demand, 2022–2024 (Megawatt-hour) 27
3.2.3 BATTERY CHEMISTRY PORTFOLIO STRATEGY 27
3.2.3.1 Lithium-ion categories (NMC, LFP, NCA, LTO) 27
3.2.3.1.1 Lithium-ion battery cell specifications 29
3.2.3.1.2 Lithium iron phosphate 31
3.2.3.1.3 Nickel manganese cobalt 33
3.2.3.1.4 Lithium iron manganese phosphate 34
3.2.3.2 Nickel-metal hydride 35
3.2.3.3 Solid-state batteries 36
3.2.3.4 Other battery types 38
3.2.4 PERFORMANCE/COST MATRIX, BY CHEMISTRY 40
3.3 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY: TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP 40
3.3.1 BATTERY ASSESSMENT TECHNOLOGIES 40
3.3.1.1 Non-invasive testing methods 41
3.3.1.2 AI-based degradation prediction 42
3.3.2 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INNOVATIONS 42
3.3.2.1 Adaptive control algorithm 42
3.3.2.2 Cell-level management system 43
3.3.3 SYSTEM INTEGRATION INNOVATIONS 43
3.3.3.1 Modular architecture development 44
3.3.3.2 Thermal management innovation 45
3.3.3.3 Advancements in power electronics 46
3.3.4 SOFTWARE PLATFORM STRATEGY 46
3.3.4.1 Energy management system 46
3.3.4.2 Market participation software 47
3.4 EV MARKET PENETRATION INTO SECOND LIFE CONVERSION RATES 47
4 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 49
4.1 VALUE CHAIN 49
4.1.1 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY: VALUE ADDITION BY STAGE 49
4.1.2 COLLECTION & LOGISTICS 50
4.1.2.1 Key players and their recent developments in collection & logistics 51
4.1.3 TESTING & ASSESSMENT 52
4.1.3.1 Key players and their recent developments in testing capabilities 53
4.1.4 REFURBISHMENT & REPURPOSING 55
4.1.4.1 Major specialists and their recent developments in repurposing 55
4.1.5 APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT & INTEGRATION 57
4.1.5.1 Prominent application developers & integration providers and their recent developments 57
4.1.6 DISTRIBUTION & MARKET DEPLOYMENT 58
4.1.6.1 Key market deployment players and their recent developments 58
4.1.7 END-OF-LIFE RECYCLING 59
4.1.7.1 Key end-of-life recyclers and their recent developments 60
5 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY MARKET, BY APPLICATION 62
5.1 INTRODUCTION 62
5.2 UTILITY-SCALE GRID SERVICES 63
5.2.1 PROMINENT UTILITY-SCALE PROVIDERS & THEIR CAPACITIES 63
5.2.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY 64
5.2.2.1 Solar power 64
5.2.2.2 Wind energy 64
5.3 COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL 64
5.3.1 EV CHARGING STATIONS 65
5.3.2 EV CHARGING STATION SITES EQUIPPED WITH SECOND LIFE EV BATTERIES, BY REGION 66
5.4 RESIDENTIAL APPLICATION 67
6 REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS 68
6.1 INTRODUCTION 68
6.2 NORTH AMERICA 69
6.2.1 OVERVIEW 69
6.2.1.1 Key players and their second life EV battery installation projects 70
6.2.2 MAJOR INVESTMENT DRIVERS & GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES 70
6.2.3 GROWTH OUTLOOK & CONCLUSION 71
6.3 EUROPE 71
6.3.1 OVERVIEW 71
6.3.1.1 Key players and their second life EV battery installation projects 72
6.3.2 STRATEGIC ALIGNMENT, SCALABLE APPLICATIONS,
AND MARKET READINESS BY 2030 73
6.3.3 OUTLOOK & CONCLUSION 73
6.4 ASIA PACIFIC 73
6.4.1 OVERVIEW 73
6.4.1.1 Key players and their second life EV battery installation projects 74
6.4.2 MANUFACTURING LEADERSHIP EXCELLENCE 75
6.4.3 OUTLOOK & CONCLUSION 75
7 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 76
7.1 COMPETITIVE POSITIONING 76
7.2 BUSINESS MODELS 76
7.2.1 OWNERSHIP MODELS 78
7.2.1.1 Battery leasing & rentals 79
7.2.1.2 Battery-as-a-service (BaaS) 79
7.2.1.3 Mobile BESS for temporary power supply 79
7.2.1.4 Energy-as-a-service (EaaS) 79
7.2.2 REVENUE STREAMS 80
7.2.3 CUSTOMER ACQUISITION STRATEGIES 80
7.2.4 PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS 81
7.3 GLOBAL OEMS’ SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY INSTALLATION PROJECTS
& THEIR CAPACITIES 81
7.4 KEY BATTERY REPURPOSERS AND THEIR CURRENT VS. PROJECTED CAPACITY 82
8 STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS 83
9 KEY PLAYERS’ STRATEGIC PROFILES 84
9.1 AUTOMOTIVE OEMS 84
9.1.1 TESLA 84
9.1.1.1 Overview 84
9.1.1.2 Recent financials 84
9.1.1.3 Tesla: Global EV sales, by key model 84
9.1.1.4 Strategic approach toward second life EV batteries 85
9.1.1.5 Recent developments, 2019–2025 85
9.1.2 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION 86
9.1.2.1 Overview 86
9.1.2.2 Recent financials 86
9.1.2.3 Toyota Motor Corporation: Global EV sales, by key model 86
9.1.2.4 Strategic approach toward second life EV batteries 87
9.1.2.5 Recent developments, 2019–2025 87
9.1.3 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD. 87
9.1.3.1 Overview 87
9.1.3.2 Recent financials 88
9.1.3.3 Nissan Motors Co., Ltd.: Global EV sales, by key model 88
9.1.3.4 Continued investment in global network expansion for battery collection and repurposing technologies 88
9.1.3.5 Recent developments, 2010–2025 89
9.1.4 AB VOLVO 90
9.1.4.1 Overview 90
9.1.4.2 Recent financials 90
9.1.4.3 Strategic approach toward second life EV batteries 90
9.1.4.4 Recent developments, 2022–2023 91
9.1.5 VOLKSWAGEN GROUP 91
9.1.5.1 Overview 91
9.1.5.2 Recent financials 92
9.1.5.3 Volkswagen Group: Global EV sales, by key model 92
9.1.5.4 Strategic approach toward second life EV batteries 92
9.1.5.5 Recent developments, 2021–2025 93
9.1.6 BMW AG 93
9.1.6.1 Overview 93
9.1.6.2 Recent financials 94
9.1.6.3 BMW AG: Global EV sales, by key model 94
9.1.6.4 Strategic approach toward second life EV batteries 94
9.1.6.5 Recent developments, 2020–2025 95
9.2 ENERGY STORAGE & SECOND LIFE BATTERY SPECIALISTS 95
9.2.1 CONNECTED ENERGY 95
9.2.1.1 Overview 95
9.2.1.2 Products, capacity, and applications 96
9.2.1.3 Recent developments, 2021–2025 96
9.2.2 B2U STORAGE SOLUTIONS, INC. 97
9.2.2.1 Overview 97
9.2.2.2 Products, capacity, and application 97
9.2.2.3 Recent developments, 2021–2024 98
9.2.3 REJOULE 98
9.2.3.1 Overview 98
9.2.3.2 Products, capacity, and application 98
9.2.3.3 Projects 99
9.2.3.4 Recent developments, 2023–2025 99
9.2.4 EATON 99
9.2.4.1 Overview 99
9.2.4.2 Recent financials 100
9.2.4.3 Products, capacity, and application 100
9.2.4.4 Recent developments, 2024 100
9.2.5 E.BATTERY SYSTEMS AG 101
9.2.5.1 Overview 101
9.2.5.2 Products, capacity, and application 101
9.2.5.3 Recent developments, 2021–2025 101
10 APPENDIX 102
10.1 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 102
10.2 AUTHOR DETAILS 104
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 ELECTRIC PASSENGER CAR SALES, BY REGION, 2019–2023 (THOUSAND UNITS) 18
TABLE 2 ELECTRIC PASSENGER CAR SALES, BY REGION, 2024–2030 (THOUSAND UNITS) 19
TABLE 3 ELECTRIC COMMERCIAL VEHICLES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2019–2023 (UNITS) 20
TABLE 4 ELECTRIC COMMERCIAL VEHICLES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2024–2030 (UNITS) 20
TABLE 5 EV BATTERY MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2019–2023 (THOUSAND UNITS) 22
TABLE 6 EV BATTERY MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2024–2030 (THOUSAND UNITS) 22
TABLE 7 EV BATTERY MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2031–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 22
TABLE 8 BATTERY CHEMISTRIES IN CURRENT AND UPCOMING EV MODELS,
BY OEM, 2025–2026 23
TABLE 9 ASIA PACIFIC: CELL SUPPLIER-WISE BATTERY DEMAND PATTERN,
2022–2024 (MWH) 25
TABLE 10 EUROPE: CELL SUPPLIER-WISE BATTERY DEMAND PATTERN, 2022–2024 (MWH) 26
TABLE 11 NORTH AMERICA: CELL SUPPLIER-WISE BATTERY DEMAND PATTERN,
2022–2024 (MWH) 27
TABLE 12 LITHIUM-ION: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2023 (THOUSAND UNITS) 29
TABLE 13 LITHIUM-ION: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2024–2030 (THOUSAND UNITS) 29
TABLE 14 LITHIUM-ION: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2031–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 30
TABLE 15 COMPARISON BETWEEN LITHIUM-ION BATTERY CHEMISTRIES 30
TABLE 16 LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2019–2023 (THOUSAND UNITS) 32
TABLE 17 LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2024–2030 (THOUSAND UNITS) 32
TABLE 18 LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2031–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 32
TABLE 19 NICKEL MANGANESE COBALT: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2019–2023 (THOUSAND UNITS) 33
TABLE 20 NICKEL MANGANESE COBALT: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2024–2030 (THOUSAND UNITS) 34
TABLE 21 NICKEL MANGANESE COBALT: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2031–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 34
TABLE 22 NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2019–2023 (THOUSAND UNITS) 35
TABLE 23 NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2024–2030 (THOUSAND UNITS) 35
TABLE 24 NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2031–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 35
TABLE 25 SOLID-STATE BATTERIES: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 36
TABLE 26 SOLID-STATE BATTERIES: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2019–2023 (THOUSAND UNITS) 37
TABLE 27 SOLID-STATE BATTERIES: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2024–2030 (THOUSAND UNITS) 37
TABLE 28 SOLID-STATE BATTERIES: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2031–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 38
TABLE 29 OTHER BATTERY TYPES: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2019–2023 (THOUSAND UNITS) 39
TABLE 30 OTHER BATTERY TYPES: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2024–2030 (THOUSAND UNITS) 39
TABLE 31 OTHER BATTERY TYPES: EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION,
2031–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS) 39
TABLE 32 EV BATTERY CHEMISTRIES: COST VS. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON 40
TABLE 33 NON-INVASIVE TESTING METHODS 41
TABLE 34 LIST OF COMPANIES INVOLVED IN NON-INVASIVE TESTING METHODS 41
TABLE 35 ADVANTAGES OF AI-BASED DEGRADATION PREDICTION TECHNOLOGY 42
TABLE 36 BENEFITS OF ADAPTIVE CONTROL ALGORITHMS IN SECOND LIFE
EV BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) 43
TABLE 37 MAJOR COMPANIES INVOLVED IN SECOND LIFE BATTERY INTEGRATION INNOVATION 44
TABLE 38 LIST OF COMPANIES WORKING ON MODULAR ARCHITECTURE INTEGRATION
FOR SECOND LIFE EV BATTERIES 45
TABLE 39 KEY DEVELOPMENTS UNDERTAKEN BY COMPANIES IN POWER ELECTRONICS 46
TABLE 40 COMPANIES WORKING ON ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)
FOR SECOND LIFE EV BATTERIES 47
TABLE 41 VALUE CHAIN: STAGE-WISE VALUE DISTRIBUTION (%) 50
TABLE 42 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS UNDERTAKEN BY PLAYERS IN MAINTAINING COLLECTION & LOGISTICS OF SECOND LIFE EV BATTERIES 51
TABLE 43 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS UNDERTAKEN BY KEY PLAYERS IN TESTING
AND ASSESSMENT OF SECOND LIFE EV BATTERIES 53
TABLE 44 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS UNDERTAKEN BY KEY PLAYERS IN REFURBISHMENT AND REPURPOSING OF SECOND LIFE EV BATTERIES 55
TABLE 45 KEY PLAYERS INVOLVED IN APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION
OF SECOND LIFE BATTERIES 57
TABLE 46 KEY PLAYERS INVOLVED IN APPLICATION DISTRIBUTION AND MARKET DEPLOYMENT OF SECOND LIFE BATTERY 58
TABLE 47 KEY PLAYERS INVOLVED IN END-OF-LIFE RECYCLING OF SECOND LIFE BATTERIES 60
TABLE 48 KEY UTILITY-SCALE SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY STORAGE PROJECTS
AND DEPLOYMENTS 63
TABLE 49 KEY COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 65
TABLE 50 EV CHARGING STATIONS AND SITES EQUIPPED WITH SECOND LIFE
EV BATTERIES, BY REGION 66
TABLE 51 NORTH AMERICA: KEY PLAYERS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENTS 70
TABLE 52 EUROPE: KEY PLAYERS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENTS 72
TABLE 53 ASIA PACIFIC: KEY PLAYERS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENTS 74
TABLE 54 OWNERSHIP MODELS & THEIR BUSINESS OUTCOMES 78
TABLE 55 BUSINESS MODELS & THEIR CASH FLOW APPROACH 80
TABLE 56 KEY OEMS’ SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY INSTALLATION PROJECTS &
THEIR CAPACITIES 81
TABLE 57 KEY BATTERY REPURPOSERS AND THEIR CURRENT VS. PROJECTED CAPACITY 82
TABLE 58 TESLA: RECENT FINANCIALS, 2023 VS. 2024 84
TABLE 59 TESLA: GLOBAL EV SALES, 2022–2024 84
TABLE 60 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION: RECENT FINANCIALS, 2023 VS. 2024 86
TABLE 61 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION: GLOBAL EV SALES, 2022–2024 86
TABLE 62 NISSAN MOTORS CO., LTD.: RECENT FINANCIALS, 2023 VS. 2024 88
TABLE 63 NISSAN MOTORS CO., LTD.: GLOBAL EV SALES, 2022–2024 88
TABLE 64 AB VOLVO: RECENT FINANCIALS, 2023 VS. 2024 90
TABLE 65 VOLKSWAGEN GROUP: RECENT FINANCIALS, 2023 VS. 2024 92
TABLE 66 VOLKSWAGEN GROUP: GLOBAL EV SALES, 2022–2024 92
TABLE 67 BMW AG: RECENT FINANCIALS, 2023 VS. 2024 94
TABLE 68 BMW AG: GLOBAL EV SALES, 2022–2024 94
TABLE 69 CONNECTED ENERGY: PRODUCTS OFFERED 96
TABLE 70 B2U STORAGE SOLUTIONS, INC.: PRODUCTS OFFERED 97
TABLE 71 REJOULE: PRODUCTS OFFERED 98
TABLE 72 REJOULE: PROJECTS 99
TABLE 73 EATON: RECENT FINANCIALS, 2023 VS. 2024 100
TABLE 74 EATON: PRODUCTS OFFERED 100
TABLE 75 E.BATTERY SYSTEMS AG: PRODUCTS OFFERED 101
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 LIFE CYCLE OF EV BATTERIES OFFERING SECOND LIFE APPLICATIONS 13
FIGURE 2 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY INDUSTRY ECOSYSTEM 14
FIGURE 3 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY MARKET OUTLOOK 15
FIGURE 4 ELECTRIC COMMERCIAL VEHICLES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2024 VS. 2030 (UNITS) 20
FIGURE 5 LITHIUM-ION SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST MARKET DURING
FORECAST PERIOD 21
FIGURE 6 ASIA PACIFIC TO LEAD MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 24
FIGURE 7 LITHIUM-ION: COMPARISON BETWEEN WH/KG AND WH/L 28
FIGURE 8 EVS EQUIPPED WITH LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 28
FIGURE 9 LITHIUM-ION BATTERY CELL SPECIFICATIONS 29
FIGURE 10 COMPARISON BETWEEN LFP AND LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 31
FIGURE 11 COMPARISON BETWEEN LFP AND NCA/NMC BATTERY CHEMISTRIES 33
FIGURE 12 FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF SODIUM-ION BATTERIES 38
FIGURE 13 GLOBALLY AVAILABLE SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY CAPACITY VS. ACTUAL INSTALLED SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY CAPACITY, 2025 VS. 2030 (GIGAWATT-HOURS) 48
FIGURE 14 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY VALUE CHAIN: VALUE ADDED BY STAGE 49
FIGURE 15 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2025–2030 (GWH) 62
FIGURE 16 GLOBAL EV BATTERY CAPACITY AVAILABILITY VS. ACTUAL INSTALLATION,
2025–2030 (GWH) 68
FIGURE 17 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2030 (GWH) 69
FIGURE 18 SECOND LIFE EV BATTERIES: POTENTIAL BUSINESS MODELS 77
FIGURE 19 STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS 83
